ʻO ka ikaika hoʻohaʻahaʻa o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana lōʻihi ma luna o ka ʻili o ka wai i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ʻili o ka ʻili, a ʻo ka ʻāpana ʻo N.·m-1.
ʻO ka waiwai o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka haʻalulu ʻili o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka hana ʻili, a ʻo kahi mea me kēia waiwai i kapa ʻia he mea hana ʻili.
ʻO ka mea ʻeleʻele i hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā molekala i loko o ka wai wai a hana i nā micelles a me nā hui ʻē aʻe, a loaʻa ka hana kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻili, ʻoiai e loaʻa ana ka hopena o ka pulu, emulsifying, huʻa, holoi, etc.
ʻO ka Surfactant nā mea hoʻohuihui me ka hoʻolālā kūikawā a me ka waiwai, hiki ke hoʻololi nui i ka neʻe ʻana o ka interfacial ma waena o nā pae ʻelua a i ʻole ka ʻili o ka ʻili o nā wai (ka wai maʻamau), me ka pulu, ka huʻa, emulsifying, holoi a me nā waiwai ʻē aʻe.
Ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻolālā ʻana, loaʻa i nā surfactants kahi hiʻohiʻona maʻamau i loko o lākou he ʻelua pūʻulu o ke ʻano like ʻole i loko o kā lākou mau mole. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao he kaulahao lōʻihi o ka hui non-polar, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, ʻike ʻia hoʻi he pūʻulu hydrophobic a i ʻole pūʻulu wai-repellent. ʻO ia pūʻulu wai-repellent, he mau kaulahao lōʻihi ia o ka hydrocarbons, i kekahi manawa no ka fluorine organik, silika, organophosphate, kaulahao organotin, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Pono e lawa ka hydrophilic ka hui hydrophilic i mea e hiki ai ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā surfactants holoʻokoʻa i ka wai a loaʻa ka solubility pono. No ka mea he mau pūʻulu hydrophilic a me hydrophobic nā surfactants, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o hoʻokahi o nā pae wai. ʻO kēia waiwai hydrophilic a lipophilic o ka surfactant i kapa ʻia ʻo amphiphilicity.
ʻO Surfactant kahi ʻano molekole amphiphilic me nā hui hydrophobic a me hydrophilic. ʻO nā pūʻulu hydrophobic o nā surfactants ka mea maʻamau i nā hydrocarbons kaulahao lōʻihi, e like me ke kaulahao pololei alkyl C8~C20, branched-chain alkyl C8~C20,alkylphenyl (alkyl carbon tom number is 8~16) a me nā mea like. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi ma waena o nā pūʻulu hydrophobic ka mea nui i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā kaulahao hydrocarbon. A ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻano o nā pūʻulu hydrophilic, no laila pili nui nā waiwai o nā surfactants i nā pūʻulu hydrophilic me ka nui a me ke ʻano o nā pūʻulu hydrophobic. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā hoʻololi hoʻololi o nā pūʻulu hydrophilic ma mua o nā pūʻulu hydrophobic, no laila ke kumu maʻamau ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā surfactants ma ke ʻano o nā pūʻulu hydrophilic. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka ionic a i ʻole ka hui hydrophilic, a ua māhele ʻia i ka anionic, cationic, nonionic, zwitterionic a me nā ʻano surfactants kūikawā ʻē aʻe.
① Adsorption o nā surfactants ma ka interfac
ʻO nā molekole surfactant nā molekole amphiphilic i loaʻa nā pūʻulu lipophilic a me hydrophilic. Ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka surfactant i ka wai, huki ʻia kona pūʻulu hydrophilic i ka wai a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, ʻoiai ʻo kāna pūʻulu lipophilic e hoʻihoʻi ʻia e ka wai a waiho i ka wai, e hopena i ka adsorption o nā molekala surfactant (a i ʻole ion) ma ka interface o nā pae ʻelua. , ka mea e hōʻemi ai i ka ʻāʻī ma waena o nā pae ʻelua. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā molekala surfactant (a i ʻole nā ion) i hoʻopili ʻia ma ka interface, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka haʻalulu interfacial.
② ʻO kekahi mau waiwai o ka membrane adsorption
ʻO ke kaomi o ka ʻili o ka membrane adsorption: ʻO ka adsorption surfactant ma ke kinoea-wai e hana i kahi membrane adsorption, e like me ke kau ʻana i kahi ʻāpana lana ʻole hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia ma ka interface, ʻo ka pepa lana e hoʻokuʻu i ka membrane adsorbent ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka hopena, a hoʻohua ka membrane i kahi kaomi. ma ka pepa lana, i kapaia ke kaomi ili.
ʻO ka viscosity o ka ʻili: E like me ke kaomi ʻana o ka ʻili, ʻo ka viscosity o ka ʻili kahi waiwai i hōʻike ʻia e ka membrane molekole insoluble. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ke apo platinum uea maikaʻi, i pili kona mokulele i ka ʻili o ka wai o ka pahu, e hoʻohuli i ke apo platinum, ke apo platinum e ka viscosity o ka wai keakea, e pohō mālie ka amplitude, e like me ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ka viscosity. anaia. ʻO ke ʻano: ʻo ka mua, ua hana ʻia ka hoʻokolohua ma ka ʻili wai maʻemaʻe e ana i ka palaho amplitude, a laila ua ana ʻia ka palaho ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka membrane ʻili, a ua loaʻa ka viscosity o ka ʻili o ka ʻili mai ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mea ʻelua. .
Pili loa ka viscosity o ka ʻili i ka paʻa o ka ʻili o ka ʻili, a no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka membrane adsorption i ke kaomi a me ka viscosity, pono e loaʻa ka elasticity. ʻOi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kaomi ʻili a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka viscosity o ka membrane adsorbed, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kona modulus elastic. He mea koʻikoʻi ka modulus elastic o ka membrane adsorption surface i ke kaʻina o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka bubble.
③ Ka hana ʻana o nā micelles
Hoʻolohe nā ʻoluʻolu o nā surfactants i nā kānāwai i ukali ʻia e nā haʻina kūpono. Hoʻonui ka nui o ka surfactant adsorbed ma luna o ka ʻili o ka hopena me ka neʻe ʻana o ka hopena, a ke piʻi a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻike i kekahi waiwai, ʻaʻole e piʻi hou ka nui o ka adsorption, a ʻo kēia mau molekala surfactant keu i ka hopena i kahi haphazard. ala a i ʻole ma kekahi ʻano maʻamau. Hōʻike ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa a me ke kumumanaʻo ua hoʻokumu lākou i nā hui i ka hopena, a ua kapa ʻia kēia mau hui ʻana he micelles.
Ka Manawa Micelle Ko'iko'i (CMC): 'O ka mana'o ha'aha'a loa e hana ai nā surfactants i nā micelles i loko o ka ho'onā i kapa 'ia 'o ka mana'o micelle ko'iko'i.
④ Nā waiwai CMC o nā surfactants maʻamau.
ʻO ka HLB ka pōkole o ka hydrophile lipophile balance, e hōʻike ana i ke koena hydrophilic a me lipophilic o nā hui hydrophilic a me lipophilic o ka surfactant, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka waiwai HLB o ka surfactant. Hōʻike ka waiwai HLB nui i kahi mole me ka hydrophilicity ikaika a me ka lipophilicity nāwaliwali; ʻO ka lipophilicity ikaika a me ka hydrophilicity nāwaliwali.
① Hāʻawi i ka waiwai HLB
ʻO ka waiwai HLB he waiwai pili, no laila ke kūkulu ʻia ka waiwai HLB, ma ke ʻano he maʻamau, ua kuhikuhi ʻia ka waiwai HLB o ka paraffin wax, ʻaʻohe waiwai hydrophilic, ʻo ia ka 0, aʻo ka HLB waiwai o ka sodium dodecyl sulfate, ʻo ia. ʻOi aku ka wai-soluble, ʻo ia ka 40. No laila, ʻo ka waiwai HLB o nā surfactants ma ke ʻano maʻamau i loko o ka laulā o ka 1 a hiki i ka 40. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo nā emulsifiers me nā waiwai HLB ma lalo o 10 he lipophilic, aʻo nā mea i ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 he hydrophilic. No laila, ʻo ka huli ʻana mai ka lipophilic i ka hydrophilic ma kahi o 10.
Ma muli o nā waiwai HLB o nā surfactants, hiki ke loaʻa ka manaʻo nui o kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Papa 1-3.
ʻElua wai hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, hoʻopuehu ʻia kekahi i loko o kekahi e like me nā ʻāpana (droplets a i ʻole kristal wai) i hana i kahi ʻōnaehana i kapa ʻia he emulsion. ʻAʻole paʻa kēia ʻōnaehana ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka palena o nā wai ʻelua i ka wā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka emulsion. I mea e paʻa ai ka emulsion, pono e hoʻohui i kahi ʻāpana ʻekolu - emulsifier e hōʻemi i ka ikehu interfacial o ka ʻōnaehana. No ka surfactant ka Emulsifier, ʻo kāna hana nui ke pāʻani i ka hana o ka emulsion. ʻO ka māhele o ka emulsion i loaʻa ma ke ʻano he kulu, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka dispersed phase (a i ʻole ka māhele i loko, ka māhele hoʻopau), a ʻo ka māhele ʻē aʻe i hoʻopili pū ʻia ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka dispersion medium (a i ʻole ka māhele o waho, ka manawa mau).
① Emulsifiers a me emulsions
ʻO nā emulsions maʻamau, hoʻokahi māhele he wai a wai paha,ʻo ka māhele'ē aʻe he mau mea olaʻole me ka wai, e like me ka momona, ka wax, a me nā mea'ē aʻe. hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o ka wai e hana ai i ka ʻaila-in-water type emulsion, i hōʻike ʻia e like me O/W (ʻaila/wai): ka wai i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o ka ʻaila e hana ai i ka ʻaila-in-water type emulsion, i hōʻike ʻia ʻo W/O (wai/ʻaila). Hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻano multi-emulsions wai-i-ʻaila-i-wai paʻakikī W/O/W a me ka ʻaila-i-wai-i-ʻaila O/W/O.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā emulsifiers e hoʻopaʻa i nā emulsion ma o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka naʻau interfacial a me ka hana ʻana i ka membrane interfacial hoʻokahi.
I ka emulsification o nā pono emulsifier:
a: Pono e hiki i ka emulsifier ke hoʻopili a hoʻonui paha i ka pilina ma waena o nā pae ʻelua, i hoʻemi ʻia ka ʻāʻī o ka interfacial;
b: Pono ka emulsifier e hāʻawi i nā ʻāpana i ka hoʻopiʻi, no laila e hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka electrostatic ma waena o nā ʻāpana, a i ʻole e hana i kahi membrane pale paʻa loa a puni nā ʻāpana.
No laila, ʻo ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he emulsifier pono nā pūʻulu amphiphilic i mea e emulsify, a hiki i nā surfactants ke hoʻokō i kēia koi.
② Nā hana hoʻomākaukau no nā emulsions a me nā mea e pili ana i ka paʻa o nā emulsions
ʻElua ala e hoʻomākaukau ai i nā emulsions: ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano mechanical e hoʻopuehu i ka wai i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i loko o kahi wai ʻē aʻe, i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻoihana e hoʻomākaukau i nā emulsions; ʻo ka mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻoheheʻe i ka wai ma ke ʻano molekala i kahi wai ʻē aʻe, a laila e hōʻiliʻili pono ia e hana i nā emulsions.
ʻO ke kūpaʻa o kahi emulsion ka hiki ke hoʻohui i ka anti-particle aggregation e alakaʻi i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana. ʻO nā emulsions nā ʻōnaehana thermodynamically unstable me ka ikehu manuahi nui. No laila, ʻo ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ke kūpaʻa o kahi emulsion, ʻo ia ka manawa i koi ʻia no ka ʻōnaehana e hiki ai i ke kaulike, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka manawa i koi ʻia no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i kekahi o nā wai i loko o ka ʻōnaehana.
I ka wā o ka membrane interfacial me nā ʻawaʻawa momona, nā ʻakika momona a me nā amine momona a me nā molekole polar organik ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka membrane. Keia mea no ka mea, i loko o ka interfacial adsorption papa o emulsifier molekele a me nā alcohols, nāʻakika a me nā amines a me nā polar mole e hana i ka "paʻakikī", no laila, i ka interfacial membrane ikaika mahuahua.
Ua kapa ʻia nā emulsifiers i ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelua surfactants he emulsifier hui. Hoʻopili ʻia ka emulsifier i hui ʻia ma ka wai/ʻaila; Hiki i ka hana intermolecular ke hana i nā complexes. Ma muli o ka hana intermolecular ikaika, ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ka ʻāʻī o ka interfacial, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka nui o ka emulsifier adsorbed ma ka interface, hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka membrane interfacial, piʻi ka ikaika.
He hopena koʻikoʻi ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o nā pahu wai i ka paʻa o ka emulsion. ʻO nā emulsion paʻa, nona nā pahu wai e hoʻopiʻi maʻamau. Ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi emulsifier ionic, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka ion emulsifier ma ka interface i kāna pūʻulu lipophilic i loko o ka ʻaila ʻaila a aia ka pūʻulu hydrophilic i ka pae wai, no laila e hoʻopiʻi ʻia nā pahu wai. E like me ka emulsion beads me ka uku hoʻokahi, hoʻokuke lākou i kekahi i kekahi, ʻaʻole maʻalahi e agglomerate, i hoʻonui ʻia ka paʻa. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ion emulsifier i hoʻopili ʻia ma nā pahu, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻopiʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hiki ke pale i nā pahu mai ka agglomeration, ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka ʻōnaehana emulsion.
ʻO ka viscosity o ka emulsion dispersion medium i kekahi mana i ka paʻa o ka emulsion. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka viscosity o ka dispersion medium, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻa o ka emulsion. ʻO kēia ke kumu no ka nui o ka viscosity o ka dispersion medium, he hopena ikaika i ka neʻe Brownian o nā pahu wai a hoʻolohi i ka hui ʻana ma waena o nā pahu wai, i paʻa ka ʻōnaehana. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, hiki i nā mea polymer i hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā emulsions ke hoʻonui i ka viscosity o ka ʻōnaehana a hoʻonui i ka paʻa o nā emulsions. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā polymers ke hana i kahi membrane interfacial ikaika, e hoʻoikaika i ka ʻōnaehana emulsion.
I kekahi mau hihia, hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka pauka paʻa ke hoʻoikaika i ka emulsion. Aia ka pauda paʻa i loko o ka wai, aila a i ʻole interface, e hilinaʻi ana i ka ʻaila, ka wai ma ka hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka pauka paʻa, inā ʻaʻole pulu piha ka pauka paʻa me ka wai, akā pulu pū kekahi i ka aila, e mau nō ma ka wai a me ka ʻaila. interface.
ʻAʻole hiki i ka pauka paʻa ke hoʻokūpaʻa i ka emulsion no ka mea ʻo ka pauka i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ke kikowaena e hoʻonui ai i ka membrane interfacial, e like me ka adsorption interfacial o nā molekala emulsifier, no laila ʻoi aku ka pili o ka mea paʻa paʻa i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ka interface, ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka paʻa. ʻo ka emulsion.
Hiki i nā surfactants ke hoʻonui nui i ka solubility o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻole a liʻiliʻi paha i ka wai ma hope o ka hana ʻana i nā micelles i loko o ka wai wai, a maopopo ka hopena i kēia manawa. Kapa ʻia kēia hopena o ka micelle i ka solubilization. ʻO ka surfactant hiki ke hana i ka solubilization ua kapa ʻia he solubilizer, a ʻo ka mea hoʻoheheʻe i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo ia ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka foam i ka holoi ʻana. He ʻōnaehana hoʻopuehu kahi e hoʻopuehu ʻia ai ke kinoea i loko o kahi wai a paʻa paha, me ke kinoea ma ke ʻano o ka dispersed a me ka wai a paʻa paha ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopuehu, ʻo ka mea mua i kapa ʻia ʻo ka huʻa wai, a ʻo ka mea hope i kapa ʻia ʻo ka huʻa paʻa. e like me ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka ʻilika, ke aniani foamed, ka ʻūhā ʻana a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
(1) Hoʻohuhū
ʻO ka huʻa ke ʻōlelo nei mākou ma ʻaneʻi he hui o nā ʻōhū ea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kahi membrane wai. Ke piʻi koke nei kēia ʻano ʻōhū i ka ʻili wai ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa nui o ka mānoanoa ma waena o ka dispersed phase (gas) a me ka dispersion medium (liquid), i hui pū ʻia me ka haʻahaʻa viscosity o ka wai.
ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka hana ʻana i ka huʻihuʻi, ʻo ia ka lawe ʻana i ka nui o ke kinoea i loko o ka wai, a hoʻi koke nā ʻōhū i loko o ka wai i ka ʻili, e hana ana i kahi hui o nā ʻōpū i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kahi liʻiliʻi o ke kinoea wai.
ʻElua mau hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o ka foam ma ke ʻano o ka morphology: ʻo ka mea hoʻokahi he polyhedral ke ʻano o nā ʻōhū ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana hoʻopuehu, no ka mea ma ka hui ʻana o nā ʻōhū, aia ke ʻano o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni wai e lahilahi a lilo nā ʻōpū. polyhedral, i ka wā e lahilahi ai ka wai kiʻiʻoniʻoni i kekahi ʻano, e alakaʻi ana ia i ka ʻūhū ʻana; ʻO ka lua, ʻaʻole hiki i nā wai maʻemaʻe ke hana i ka huʻa paʻa, ʻo ka wai hiki ke hana i ka huʻa he ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha nā ʻāpana. He ʻano maʻamau nā ʻōnaehana wai o nā surfactants i nā ʻōnaehana i maʻalahi i ka hana ʻana i ka huʻa, a pili pū ko lākou hiki ke hana i ka huʻa i nā waiwai ʻē aʻe.
ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe me ka mana hū maikaʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo nā mea hoʻohua. ʻOiai ʻo ka mea hoʻohāhā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka puaʻa, akā ʻaʻole hiki i ka ʻōpala i hana ʻia ke mālama i kahi manawa lōʻihi, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole maikaʻi kona kūpaʻa. I mea e mālama ai i ka paʻa o ka pahu, pinepine i loko o ka mea hoʻoulu e hoʻohui i nā mea e hiki ai ke hoʻonui i ka paʻa o ka pahu, ua kapa ʻia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo foam stabilizer, mea hoʻohana maʻamau ʻo lauryl diethanolamine a me dodecyl dimethylamine oxide.
(2) Paʻa o ka huʻa
He ʻōnaehana thermodynamically paʻa ʻole ʻo Foam a ʻo ke ʻano hope loa ʻo ia ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka ʻili o ka wai i loko o ka ʻōnaehana ma hope o ka haki ʻana o ka ʻōpū a me ka emi ʻana o ka ikehu manuahi. ʻO ke kaʻina hana defoaming ke kaʻina hana e lilo ai ka membrane wai e hoʻokaʻawale ana i ke kinoea e lilo i mānoanoa a lahilahi a hiki i ka haki ʻana. No laila, ua hoʻoholo nui ʻia ka degere o ka paʻa o ka foam e ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka wai a me ka ikaika o ke kiʻi wai. Hoʻopili pū kēia mau mea i kēia.
(3) Ka luku ʻana i ka huʻa
ʻO ke kumu kumu o ka luku ʻana i ka foam ʻo ia ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kūlana e hoʻopuka ai i ka ʻōpala a i ʻole e hoʻopau i nā mea hoʻokūpaʻa o ka ʻōpala, no laila aia nā ʻano kino a me nā kemika o ka defoaming.
ʻO ka defoaming kino, ʻo ia ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kūlana o ka hana ʻana i ka ʻūhā ʻoiai ka mālama ʻana i ke ʻano kemika o ka solution foam, e like me nā haunaele o waho, nā hoʻololi ʻana i ka mahana a i ʻole ke kaomi a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ke kani ultrasonic ʻo ia nā ʻano hana kino āpau e hoʻopau ai i ka pua.
ʻO ke ʻano defoaming kemika ʻo ia ka hoʻohui ʻana i kekahi mau mea e launa pū me ka mea hoʻohua e hōʻemi i ka ikaika o ke kiʻi wai i loko o ka pahu a pēlā e hōʻemi ai i ka paʻa o ka ʻūhā e hoʻokō ai i ke kumu o ka defoaming, ua kapa ʻia kēlā mau mea defoamers. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā defoamers he surfactants. No laila, e like me ka hana o ka defoaming, defoamer e loaʻa i ka ikaika hiki ke ho'ēmi i ka ili, oluolu e adsorb ma luna o ka ili, a me ka pilina ma waena o ka ili adsorption molekele ua nawaliwali, adsorption molekele i hoʻonohonoho 'ia i oi loosen hale.
Aia nā ʻano defoamer like ʻole, akā ʻo ka mea nui, he surfactants non-ionic lākou āpau. Loaʻa i nā surfactants non-ionic nā waiwai anti-foaming kokoke a ma luna paha o ko lākou wahi ao a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e like me nā defoamers. ʻO nā waiʻona, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻawaʻawa me kahi ʻano lālā, nā ʻakika momona a me nā esters momona momona, nā polyamides, nā esters phosphate, nā aila silicone, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana mau ʻia e like me nā defoamers maikaʻi loa.
(4) Huhū a holoi
ʻAʻohe loulou pololei ma waena o ka huʻa a me ka maikaʻi o ka holoi ʻana a ʻaʻole hōʻike ka nui o ka pahu i ka pono o ka holoi. No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe nonionic ma mua o nā kopa, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kā lākou decontamination ma mua o nā kopa.
I kekahi mau hihia, hiki ke kōkua ka hu'ahu'a i ka wehe 'ana i ka lepo a me ka lepo. No ka laʻana, i ka holoi ʻana i nā kīʻaha ma ka home, ʻohi ka huʻa o ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā kulu aila a i ka wā e holoi ai i nā moena, kōkua ka huʻa e ʻohi i ka lepo, ka pauka a me nā lepo paʻa ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka huʻa i kekahi manawa i hōʻailona o ka pono o kahi mea holoi. No ka mea, he hopena keakea ka aila momona i ka huʻa o ka mea holoi, i ka nui o ka aila a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka mea holoi, ʻaʻole e hana ʻia ka huʻa a i ʻole e nalowale ka huʻa kumu. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka foam i kekahi manawa ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o ka maʻemaʻe o ka holoi ʻana, no ka mea, e emi ana ka nui o ka hupa i loko o ka wai holoi holoi me ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka mea holoi, no laila hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka nui o ka ʻōpala e loiloi i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka holoi ʻana.
Ma ke ʻano ākea, ʻo ka holoi ʻana ke kaʻina o ka wehe ʻana i nā mea i makemake ʻole ʻia mai ka mea e holoi ʻia a hoʻokō i kekahi kumu. ʻO ka holoiʻana ma keʻano maʻamau e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana o ka weheʻana i ka lepo mai kaʻili o ka mea lawe. I ka holoi ʻana, hoʻonāwaliwali a hoʻopau ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka lepo a me ka mea lawe ma ka hana ʻana o kekahi mau mea kemika (eg, detergent, etc.), i hoʻololi ʻia ka hui ʻana o ka lepo a me ka mea lawe i ka hui ʻana o ka lepo a me ka mea holoi, a kaʻawale ka lepo mai ka mea lawe. ʻOiai he ʻokoʻa nā mea e holoi ʻia a me ka lepo e wehe ʻia, ʻo ka holoi ʻana he hana paʻakikī loa a hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano kumu o ka holoi ʻana i nā pilina maʻalahi.
Kaʻa··ʻeleʻele + mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe= lawe + lepo·kahi mea holoi
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kaʻina hana holoi i ʻelua mau ʻanuʻu: ʻo ka mua, ma lalo o ka hana o ka mea holoi, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka lepo mai kāna mea lawe; ʻO ka lua, hoʻopuehu ʻia ka lepo i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a hoʻopaneʻe ʻia i loko o ke kikowaena. ʻO ke kaʻina holoi holoi he mea hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe hou ʻia ka lepo i hoʻopuehu ʻia a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ke kikowaena mai ke kikowaena a hiki i ka mea i holoi ʻia. No laila, pono i kahi mea holoi maikaʻi ke hiki ke hoʻopuehu a hoʻokuʻu i ka lepo a pale i ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o ka lepo, me ka hiki ke wehe i ka lepo mai ka mea lawe.
(1) Nā ʻano lepo
ʻOiai no ka mea like, hiki ke ʻokoʻa ke ʻano, ka haku a me ka nui o ka lepo ma muli o ke kaiapuni i hoʻohana ʻia ai. ʻO ka lepo o ke kino o ka aila ka nui o nā aila holoholona a me nā mea kanu a me nā aila mineral (e like me ka ʻaila crude, ka aila wahie, ka lanahu tar, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), ʻo ka lepo paʻa ka nui o ka soot, lehu, rust, carbon black, etc. he lepo mai ke kino o ke kanaka, e like me ka hou, sebum, koko, a pela aku; lepo mai ka meaʻai, e like me nā ʻōpala huaʻai, nā ʻaila ʻaila kuke, nā mea hoʻonaninani, ka starch, etc.; ka lepo mai nā mea hoʻonaninani, e like me ka lipstick, ka nail polish, etc.; lepo mai ka lewa, e like me ke kohu, ka lepo, ka lepo, a pela aku; nā mea ʻē aʻe, e like me ka inika, ke kī, ka uhi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano lepo like ʻole i ʻekolu mau ʻano nui: lepo paʻa, lepo wai a me kahi lepo kūikawā.
① lepo paʻa
ʻO ka lepo paʻa maʻamau e pili ana i nā ʻāpana o ka lehu, ka lepo, ka honua, ka ʻōpala a me ka ʻeleʻele kalapona. Loaʻa ka hapa nui o kēia mau ʻāpana i ka uwila ma luna o ko lākou ʻili, ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou ua hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole a hiki ke maʻalahi i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā mea fiber. He paʻakikī ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka lepo paʻa i ka wai, akā hiki ke hoʻopuehu ʻia a hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā mea holoi holoi. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo paʻa me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.
② lepo wai
ʻO ka lepo wai ka nui o ka aila, me nā aila mea kanu a me nā holoholona, nā ʻakika momona, nā ʻawaʻawa momona, nā aila mineral a me kā lākou oxides. Iwaena o lakou, mea kanu a me ka holoholona aila, momona a me ka alkali saponification hiki ke hiki mai, oiai ka momona alcohols, mineral aila i ole saponified e ka alkali, akā, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe 'ia i loko o alcohols, ethers a me ka hydrocarbon mea hoʻoheheʻe organika, a me ka wai detergent hoʻonā wai emulsification a me ka dispersion. ʻO ka lepo wai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila ma ke ʻano he ikaika ikaika me nā mea fiber, a ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā fibers.
③ lepo kūikawā
Loaʻa i ka lepo kūikawā nā protein, starch, koko, nā mea huna kanaka e like me ka hou, sebum, mimi a me ka wai huaʻai a me ka wai kī. Hiki ke hoʻopili ikaika ʻia ka hapa nui o kēia ʻano lepo ma nā mea fiber. No laila, paʻakikī ke holoi.
ʻAʻole loaʻa wale nā ʻano lepo like ʻole, akā hui pinepine ʻia a hoʻopili ʻia ma luna o ka mea. Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka lepo i kekahi manawa, decomposed a palaho paha ma lalo o nā mana o waho, pēlā e hana ai i ka lepo hou.
(2)Ka pili o ka lepo
Hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā lole, nā lima a me nā mea ʻē aʻe no ka mea aia kekahi ʻano pilina ma waena o ka mea a me ka lepo. Hoʻopili ka lepo i nā mea ma nā ʻano like ʻole, akā ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o nā adhesions kino a me nā kemika.
①ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka ʻehu, ka lepo, ka lepo, ke one a me ka lanahu i nā lole he mea pili kino. ʻO ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ma o kēia adhesion o ka lepo, a ʻo ke kuleana ma waena o ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he palupalu, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo. Wahi a nā mana like ʻole, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka pili kino o ka lepo i ka mechanical adhesion a me ka electrostatic adhesion.
A: Hoʻopili mīkini
ʻO kēia ʻano adhesion e pili ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana o kekahi lepo paʻa (e laʻa, ka lepo, ka lepo a me ke one). ʻO ka hoʻopili mīkini kekahi o nā ʻano nāwaliwali o ka adhesion o ka lepo a hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia me nā ʻano mechanical maʻemaʻe, akā inā liʻiliʻi ka lepo (<0.1um), ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka wehe ʻana.
B: Hoʻopili electrostatic
Hōʻike nui ʻia ka adhesion electrostatic i ka hana o nā ʻāpana lepo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā mea i hoʻopiʻi ʻia. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea fibrous i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka wai a hiki ke maʻalahi ke hoʻopili ʻia e kekahi mau lepo i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia, e like me nā ʻano lime. ʻO kekahi lepo, ʻoiai ua hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia, e like me nā ʻāpana kalapona ʻeleʻele i loko o nā hāʻina wai, hiki ke hoʻopili i nā fibers ma o nā alahaka ionic (iona ma waena o nā mea like ʻole, e hana pū ana me lākou ma ke ʻano like me ke alahaka) i hana ʻia e nā ion maikaʻi i loko o ka wai (e laʻa. , Ca2+, Mg2+ etc.).
ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ka hana electrostatic ma mua o ka hana mechanical maʻalahi, me ka paʻakikī o ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo.
② Hoʻopili kemika
ʻO ka hoʻopili kemika e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka lepo e hana ana ma luna o kahi mea ma o nā paʻa kemika a i ʻole hydrogen. No ka laʻana, polar paʻa lepo, protein, rust a me nā mea adhesion 'ē aʻe ma fiber 'ikamu, fibers loaʻa ka carboxyl, hydroxyl, amide a me nā hui 'ē aʻe, keia mau pūʻulu a me ka oily lepo momona nāʻakika, fatty alcohols ua maʻalahi ke hana hydrogen paʻa. ʻOi aku ka ikaika o nā kemika a no laila ua paʻa paʻa ka lepo i ka mea. He paʻakikī kēia ʻano lepo e wehe ʻia e nā ʻano hana maʻamau a koi i nā ʻano hana kūikawā e hana ai.
ʻO ke kūlana o ka hoʻopiliʻana o ka lepo e pili ana i keʻano o ka lepo pono'ī a me keʻano o ka mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia. ʻO ka maʻamau, pili maʻalahi nā ʻāpana i nā mea fibrous. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o ke ʻano o ka lepo paʻa, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hoʻopili ʻana. ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ka lepo polar ma nā mea hydrophilic e like me ka pulupulu a me ke aniani ma mua o ka lepo polar ʻole. ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ka lepo polar ma mua o ka lepo polar, e like me nā momona polar, lepo a me ka pālolo, a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka wehe a hoʻomaʻemaʻe.
(3) ʻO ka hana hoʻoneʻe lepo
ʻO ke kumu o ka holoi ʻana ʻo ia ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo. Ma kahi ʻano o kahi mahana (ka nui o ka wai). Ke hoʻohana nei i nā ʻano like ʻole o ke kino a me ke kemika o ka mea holoi e hoʻonāwaliwali a hoʻopau paha i ka hopena o ka lepo a me nā mea i holoi ʻia, ma lalo o ka hana a kekahi mau mana mechanical (e like me ka hamo lima, ka mīkini holoi holoi, ka hopena o ka wai), no laila ka lepo a me nā mea holoi. mai ke kumu o ka decontamination.
① Mechanism o ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo wai
A: pulu
ʻO ka lepo wai ka nui o ka aila. Hoʻomaʻū ka ʻaila i nā mea fibrous a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma ke ʻano he kiʻi ʻaila ma ka ʻili o ka mea fibrous. ʻO ka hana mua o ka holoi ʻana ʻo ka pulu ʻana o ka ʻili e ka wai holoi. No ke kiʻi ʻana, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ka ʻili o kahi fiber he ʻili paʻa paʻa.
B: Hoʻokaʻawale ʻaila - ʻo ka ʻōnaehana curling
ʻO ka lua o ka hana i ka holoi ʻana ʻo ka wehe ʻana i ka ʻaila a me ka momona, ʻo ka wehe ʻana o ka lepo wai e loaʻa i kahi ʻano coiling. Ua noho mua ka lepo wai ma luna o ka ʻili ma ke ʻano o kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻaila pālahalaha, a ma lalo o ka hopena hoʻomaʻemaʻe makemake o ka wai holoi ma luna o ka ʻili paʻa (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka ʻili fiber), ua wili ʻia i loko o nā pahu ʻaila i kēlā me kēia lā. ua pani ʻia e ka wai holoi a haʻalele i ka ʻili ma lalo o kekahi mau mana o waho.
② Mechanism o ka wehe lepo paʻa
ʻO ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo wai ma o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o ka mea lawe lepo e ka wai holoi, ʻoiai ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o ka wehe ʻana no ka lepo paʻa, kahi o ka holoi ʻana e pili ana i ka pulu ʻana o ka lepo a me kāna mea lawe ma ka holoi ʻana. hoʻonā. Ma muli o ka adsorption o nā surfactants ma ka lepo paʻa a me ka ʻili o ka mea lawe, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka lepo a me ka ʻili a hoʻemi ʻia ka ikaika adhesion o ka lepo ma luna o ka ʻili, no laila ua maʻalahi ka wehe ʻana o ka lepo mai ka ʻili o ka lepo. ka mea lawe.
Eia kekahi, hiki i ka adsorption o nā surfactants, ʻoi aku ka ionic surfactants, ma ka ʻili o ka lepo paʻa a me kāna mea lawe i hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hiki ke hoʻonui i ka ʻili o ka lepo paʻa a me kāna mea lawe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wehe ʻana o ka lepo. Hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia nā ʻili paʻa a maʻamau paha i loko o ka pāpaʻi wai a no laila hiki ke hana i nā papa uila pālua ma luna o ka lepo a i ʻole nā ʻili paʻa. Ma muli o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā koina homogeneous, ua nāwaliwali ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā ʻāpana lepo i ka wai i ka ʻili paʻa. Ke hoʻohui ʻia kahi surfactant anionic, no ka mea hiki iā ia ke hoʻonui i ka hiki i ka manawa like ʻole o ka ʻili o ka lepo a me ka ʻili paʻa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka repulsion ma waena o lākou, ʻoi aku ka emi o ka ikaika adhesion o ka ʻāpana, a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka lepo. .
Hoʻopili ʻia nā surfactants non-ionic ma nā ʻili paʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻololi nui i ka hiki o ka interfacial, ʻo nā surfactants non-ionic adsorbed e hana i kekahi mānoanoa o ka papa adsorbed ma ka ʻili e kōkua i ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ka lepo.
I ka hihia o ka cationic surfactants, kā lākou adsorption e ho'ēmi aiʻole e hoʻopau i ka hopena maikaʻiʻole o ka lepo lepo a me konaʻili lawe, e hoʻemi ana i ka repulsion ma waena o ka lepo a me kaʻili a no lailaʻaʻole kūpono i ka weheʻana i ka lepo; Eia kekahi, ma hope o ka adsorption ma ka ʻili paʻa, hoʻohuli ka cationic surfactants i ka hydrophobic ili paʻa a no laila ʻaʻole kūpono i ka pulu ʻili a no laila holoi.
③ Wehe i nā lepo kūikawā
ʻO ka protein, ka starch, ka huna kanaka, ka wai huaʻai, ka wai kī a me nā lepo ʻē aʻe he paʻakikī ke wehe ʻia me nā surfactants maʻamau a koi i ka mālama kūikawā.
ʻO nā ʻōpala protein e like me ka ʻaila, nā hua, ke koko, ka waiū a me ka ʻili o ka ʻili e hoʻopaʻa i nā fibers a me ka degeneration a loaʻa i ka adhesion ikaika. Hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka lepo protein me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā protease. Hoʻopau ka enzyme protease i nā protein i loko o ka lepo i loko o ka wai-soluble amino acids a i ʻole oligopeptides.
Loaʻa nā ʻōpala starch mai nā meaʻai, nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me ka gravy, glue a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. He hopena koʻikoʻi ko Amylase i ka hydrolysis o nā kohu starch, e wāwahi ai ka starch i nā kō.
Hoʻopili ʻo Lipase i ka decomposition o nā triglycerides, he mea paʻakikī ke wehe ʻia e nā ʻano maʻamau, e like me ka sebum a me nā aila ʻai, a wāwahi iā lākou i glycerol soluble a me nā momona momona.
He paʻakikī ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe ma hope o ka holoi pinepine ʻana i kekahi mau ʻili kala mai nā wai huaʻai, wai kī, inika, lipstick a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia kēia mau stains e ka redox reaction me ka oxidizing a i ʻole reducing agent e like me ka bleach, ka mea e hoʻopau ai i ke ʻano o nā hui hoʻoulu kala a i ʻole nā hui kōkua kala a hoʻohaʻahaʻa iā lākou i loko o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.
(4)Mekini hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo
ʻO ka mea i luna no ka wai ma ke ʻano o ka holoi ʻana. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ma muli o nā ʻano lole like ʻole a me ke ʻano, ʻaʻole kūpono a ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka holoi ʻana i kekahi mau lole e hoʻohana ana i ka wai holoi maʻemaʻe, kekahi mau lole ma hope o ka holoi ʻana a me ka deformation, mae, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, no ka laʻana: ʻo ka hapa nui o nā fibers maoli e komo i ka wai a maʻalahi e pehu, a maloʻo a maʻalahi hoʻi e emi, no laila ma hope o ka holoi ʻana e deformed; ma ka holoi ʻana i nā huahana hulu hipa ke ʻike pinepine ʻia ke ʻano shrinkage, kekahi mau huahana hulu hipa me ka holoi wai maʻalahi hoʻi i ka pilling, hoʻololi kala; ʻOi aku ka ʻino o kekahi mau lima silika ma hope o ka holoi ʻana a nalowale ko lākou luster. No kēia mau lole e hoʻohana pinepine i ke ʻano hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo e decontaminate. ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo maʻamau e pili ana i ke ʻano holoi i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā solvents non-polar.
ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo kahi ʻano holoi maʻalahi ma mua o ka holoi wai. No ka mea, ʻaʻole pono ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo i ka hana mechanical nui, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopōʻino, wrinkling a me ka deformation i nā lole, ʻoiai ʻo nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, ʻaʻole like me ka wai, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hoʻonui a me ka contraction. E like me ka mālama pono ʻana o ka ʻenehana, hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā lole me ka ʻole o ka distortion, ka pau ʻana o ka waihoʻoluʻu a me ka lōʻihi o ke ola lawelawe.
Ma keʻano o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, aiaʻekoluʻano ākea o ka lepo.
①Oil-soluble dirt ʻO ka lepo hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila e pili ana i nā ʻano ʻaila a pau a me ka momona, he wai a momona paha a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo.
②Water-soluble lepo Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka lepo wai-soluble i ka wai, akā ʻaʻole i loko o nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, ua hoʻopili ʻia i nā lole ma kahi ʻano wai, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka wai ma hope o ka ua o nā paʻakai granular, e like me nā paʻakai inorganic, starch, protein, etc.
③ ʻO ka ʻaila a me ka lepo ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, e like me ke kalapona ʻeleʻele, silicates o nā metala like ʻole a me nā oxides, etc.
Ma muli o keʻano likeʻole o nāʻano lepo likeʻole, aia nāʻano likeʻole o ka weheʻana i ka lepo i loko o ke kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo. ʻO nā lepo hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, e like me nā aila holoholona a me nā mea kanu, nā ʻaila mineral a me nā momona, hiki ke maʻalahi i nā solvents organik a hiki ke wehe maʻalahi i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo. ʻO ka solubility maikaʻi loa o nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo no nā aila a me nā momona i loaʻa mai i nā ikaika van der Walls ma waena o nā mole.
No ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai e like me nā paʻakai inorganic, nā kō, nā protein a me ka hou, pono e hoʻohui pū ʻia ka nui o ka wai i ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, inā ʻaʻole paʻakikī ke wehe ʻia ka lepo wai mai ka lole. Eia naʻe, paʻakikī ka wai e hoʻoheheʻe i ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, no laila e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka wai, pono ʻoe e hoʻohui i nā surfactants. ʻO ka hiki ʻana o ka wai i loko o ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka ʻili o ka lepo a me ka lole, i maʻalahi ke launa pū me nā pūʻulu polar o nā surfactants, kahi kūpono i ka adsorption o nā surfactants ma ka ʻili. Eia kekahi, i ka hana ʻana o nā surfactants i nā micelles, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka lepo a me ka wai i loko o nā micelles. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka wai o ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, hiki i nā surfactants ke pāʻani i ka hana i ka paleʻana i ka waiho houʻana o ka lepo e hoʻonui i ka hopena decontamination.
Pono ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi wai liʻiliʻi e wehe i ka lepo hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, akā ʻo ka nui o ka wai hiki ke hoʻoneʻe a me ka wrinkling i loko o kekahi mau lole, no laila pono ka nui o ka wai i loko o ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo.
ʻO ka lepo ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai a i ʻole ka aila, nā ʻāpana paʻa e like me ka lehu, ka lepo, ka honua a me ke kalapona ʻeleʻele, pili maʻamau i ka lole e nā mana electrostatic a i hui pū ʻia me ka ʻaila. I ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, ke kahe o ka solvent, hiki i ka hopena ke hana i ka electrostatic force adsorption o ka lepo, a hiki i ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo ke hoʻoheheʻe i ka ʻaila, no laila ka hui pū ʻana o ka aila a me ka lepo a hoʻopili ʻia i ka lole o nā ʻāpana paʻa i ka maloʻo. -mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe, hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo i loko o kahi liʻiliʻi o ka wai a me nā surfactants, i hiki ai i ka poʻe ma waho o ka lepo lepo paʻa ke hoʻokuʻu paʻa, hoʻopuehu, e pale i kona waiho hou ʻana i ka lole.
(5)Nā mea e pili ana i ka holoi holoi
ʻO ka adsorption kuhikuhi o nā surfactants ma ke kikowaena a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka ʻili (interfacial) keu nā kumu nui i ka wehe ʻana i ka wai a i ʻole ka lepo paʻa. Eia nō naʻe, paʻakikī ke kaʻina hana holoi a me ka hopena o ka holoi ʻana, ʻoiai me ke ʻano detergent like, ua hoʻopili ʻia e nā kumu ʻē aʻe he nui. ʻO kēia mau mea e pili ana i ka manaʻo o ka mea holoi, ka mahana, ke ʻano o ka lepo, ke ʻano o ka fiber a me ke ʻano o ka lole.
① Ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka Surfactant
He kuleana koʻikoʻi nā micelles o nā surfactants i ka hoʻonā i ka hana holoi. Ke piʻi ka manaʻo i ka ʻike micelle koʻikoʻi (CMC), piʻi nui ka hopena holoi. No laila, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe i loko o ka solvent ma mua o ka waiwai CMC e loaʻa ai kahi hopena holoi maikaʻi. Eia nō naʻe, inā ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka surfactant ma mua o ka waiwai CMC, ʻaʻole maopopo ka piʻi ʻana o ka hopena holoi a ʻaʻole pono e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka surfactant.
I ka wehe ʻana i ka aila ma ka solubilization, piʻi ka hopena solubilization me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike surfactant, ʻoiai ke ʻoi aku ka ʻike ma luna o CMC. I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka detergent ma ke ʻano kikowaena kūloko. No ka laʻana, inā he nui ka lepo ma ka cuffs a me ke kola o kahi lole, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi papa o ka mea holoi i ka wā holoi e hoʻonui i ka hopena solubilizing o ka surfactant ma ka ʻaila.
②He hopena koʻikoʻi ka wela i ka hana decontamination. Ma keʻano laulā, hiki i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mahana ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka wehe ʻana o ka lepo, akā i kekahi manawa hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ke hōʻeha i nā pōʻino.
ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ka lepo, emulsified maʻalahi ka momona paʻa i nā mahana ma luna o kona wahi hoʻoheheʻe a hoʻonui nā fibers i ka pehu ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, ʻo ia mau mea a pau e maʻalahi i ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo. Eia nō naʻe, no nā lole paʻa, ua hoʻemi ʻia nā microgaps ma waena o nā fibers i ka wā e hoʻonui ai nā fibers, kahi mea e hōʻino ai i ka wehe ʻana o ka lepo.
Hoʻololi pū ka hoʻololi i ka solubility, ka waiwai CMC a me ka nui micelle o nā surfactants, no laila e pili ana i ka hopena holoi. He haʻahaʻa ka solubility o nā surfactants me nā kaulahao kalapona lōʻihi i nā mahana haʻahaʻa a i kekahi manawa ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka solubility ma mua o ka waiwai CMC, no laila pono ke hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ka mahana holoi. ʻOkoʻa ka hopena o ka mahana ma ka waiwai CMC a me ka nui micelle no nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ionic a me ka non-ionic. No nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ionic, ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana e hoʻonui maʻamau i ka waiwai CMC a hōʻemi i ka nui micelle, ʻo ia hoʻi e hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻike o ka surfactant i loko o ka wai holoi. No nā surfactants non-ionic, hiki i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mahana i ka emi ʻana o ka waiwai CMC a me ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka leo micelle, no laila ua maopopo ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana e kōkua i ka surfactant non-ionic e hoʻokō i kāna hopena ʻeleʻele. . Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pono ka mahana ma mua o kona wahi ao.
I ka pōkole, pili ka mahana holoi maikaʻi loa i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka detergent a me ka mea e holoi ʻia. He hopena maikaʻi ko kekahi mau mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe ma ka lumi wela, a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe he ʻokoʻa ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ma waena o ke anuanu a me ka holoi wela.
③ Huhū
He mea maʻamau ka huikau ʻana i ka mana huʻihuʻi me ka hopena holoi, me ka manaʻoʻiʻo he hopena holoi holoi maikaʻi nā detergents me ka mana hū nui. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi ʻaʻohe pilina pololei ma waena o ka hopena holoi a me ka nui o ka huʻa. No ka laʻana, ʻaʻole i emi ka maikaʻi o ka holoi ʻana me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka holoi ʻana me nā mea holoi huʻa kiʻekiʻe.
ʻOiai ʻaʻole pili pono ka huʻa i ka holoi ʻana, aia kekahi mau manawa e kōkua ai i ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo, no ka laʻana, ke holoi ʻana i nā kīʻaha me ka lima. I ka wā e holoi ai i nā kāpeti, hiki i ka foam ke lawe aku i ka lepo a me nā ʻāpana lepo paʻa ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka lepo kāpeti ka helu o ka nui o ka lepo, no laila e loaʻa i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe kāpeti ke loaʻa i kahi hiki ke hoʻohua.
He mea koʻikoʻi ka mana hoʻohuhū no nā shampoos, kahi i hana ʻia ai ka huʻa maikaʻi e ka wai i ka wā e holoi ai a ʻauʻau paha ka lauoho me ka lubricated a me ka ʻoluʻolu.
④ ʻO nā ʻano o nā fibers a me nā waiwai kino o nā textiles
Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻolālā kemika o nā fibers, e pili ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ka wehe ʻana o ka lepo, ʻo ke ʻano o nā fibers a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka ʻili a me ka lole he hopena i ka maʻalahi o ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo.
ʻO nā unahi o nā pulupulu a me nā lipine palahalaha o ka pulupulu ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka lepo ma mua o nā pulu paheʻe. No ka laʻana, he maʻalahi ka wehe ʻana i ke kalapona ʻeleʻele ma nā kiʻi cellulose (viscose films), aʻo ke kalapona ʻeleʻele i ʻeleʻele ʻia ma nā lole pulupulu paʻakikī ke holoi. ʻO kekahi laʻana, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā lole pulu pōkole i hana ʻia me ka polyester e hōʻiliʻili i nā ʻaila ʻaila ma mua o nā lole lole lōʻihi, a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻaila hinu ma nā lole ʻili lōʻihi.
ʻO nā wili wili paʻa a me nā lole paʻa, ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma waena o nā fibers, hiki ke pale aku i ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka lepo, akā hiki i ka mea like ke pale aku i ka wai holoi e kāpae i ka lepo o loko, no laila hoʻomaka nā lole paʻa e kūʻē i ka lepo maikaʻi, akā i ka wā e pau ai. ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka holoi ʻana.
⑤ Paʻakikī o ka wai
ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o Ca2+, Mg2+ a me nā ʻiona metala ʻē aʻe i loko o ka wai he mana nui i ka hopena holoi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wā e hālāwai ai nā mea hoʻoheheʻe anionic i nā ion Ca2+ a me Mg2+ e hana ana i nā paʻakai calcium a me ka magnesium i emi ʻole a hoʻemi i kona detergency. I loko o ka wai paʻakikī, ʻoiai ke kiʻekiʻe ka neʻe ʻana o ka surfactant, ʻoi aku ka ʻino o ka detergency ma mua o ka distillation. No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hopena holoi holoi maikaʻi loa o ka surfactant, pono e hoʻemi ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o nā ion Ca2+ i loko o ka wai i 1 x 10-6 mol/L (CaCO3 i 0.1 mg/L) a i ʻole. Pono kēia e hoʻohui i nā mea palupalu like ʻole i ka detergent.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Feb-25-2022