Ma ke ʻano ākea, ʻo ka holoi ʻana ke kaʻina o ka wehe ʻana i nā mea i makemake ʻole ʻia mai ka mea e holoi ʻia a hoʻokō i kekahi kumu.ʻO ka holoiʻana ma keʻano maʻamau e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana o ka weheʻana i ka lepo mai kaʻili o ka mea lawe.I ka holoi ʻana, hoʻonāwaliwali a hoʻopau ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka lepo a me ka mea lawe ma ka hana ʻana o kekahi mau mea kemika (eg, detergent, etc.), i hoʻololi ʻia ka hui ʻana o ka lepo a me ka mea lawe i ka hui ʻana o ka lepo a me ka mea holoi, a kaʻawale ka lepo mai ka mea lawe.ʻOiai he ʻokoʻa nā mea e holoi ʻia a me ka lepo e wehe ʻia, ʻo ka holoi ʻana he hana paʻakikī loa a hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano kumu o ka holoi ʻana i nā pilina maʻalahi.

Kaʻa··ʻeleʻele + mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe= lawe + lepo·kahi mea holoi

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kaʻina hana holoi i ʻelua mau ʻanuʻu: ʻo ka mua, ma lalo o ka hana a ka mea holoi, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka lepo mai kāna mea lawe;ʻO ka lua, hoʻopuehu ʻia ka lepo i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a hoʻopaneʻe ʻia i loko o ka waena.ʻO ke kaʻina holoi holoi he mea hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe hou ʻia ka lepo i hoʻopuehu ʻia a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ke kikowaena mai ke kikowaena a hiki i ka mea i holoi ʻia.No laila, pono i kahi mea holoi maikaʻi ke hiki ke hoʻopuehu a hoʻokuʻu i ka lepo a pale i ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o ka lepo, me ka hiki ke wehe i ka lepo mai ka mea lawe.

(1) Nā ʻano lepo

ʻOiai no ka mea like, hiki ke ʻokoʻa ke ʻano, ka haku a me ka nui o ka lepo ma muli o ke kaiapuni i hoʻohana ʻia ai.ʻO ka lepo o ke kino o ka aila ka nui o nā aila holoholona a me nā mea kanu a me nā aila mineral (e like me ka ʻaila crude, ka aila wahie, ka lanahu tar, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), ʻo ka lepo paʻa ka nui o ka soot, lehu, rust, carbon black, etc. he lepo mai ke kino o ke kanaka, e like me ka hou, sebum, koko, a pela aku;lepo mai ka meaʻai, e like me nā ʻōpala huaʻai, nā ʻaila ʻaila kuke, nā mea hoʻonaninani, ka starch, etc.;ka lepo mai nā mea hoʻonaninani, e like me ka lipstick, ka nail polish, etc.;lepo mai ka lewa, e like me ke kohu, ka lepo, ka lepo, a pela aku;nā mea ʻē aʻe, e like me ka inika, ke kī, ka uhi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano lepo like ʻole i ʻekolu mau ʻano nui: lepo paʻa, lepo wai a me kahi lepo kūikawā.

 

① lepo paʻa

ʻO ka lepo paʻa maʻamau e pili ana i nā ʻāpana o ka lehu, ka lepo, ka honua, ka ʻōpala a me ka ʻeleʻele kalapona.Loaʻa ka hapa nui o kēia mau ʻāpana i ka uwila ma luna o ko lākou ʻili, ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou ua hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole a hiki ke maʻalahi i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā mea fiber.He paʻakikī ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka lepo paʻa i ka wai, akā hiki ke hoʻopuehu ʻia a hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā mea holoi holoi.ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo paʻa me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.

② lepo wai

ʻO ka lepo wai ka nui o ka aila, me nā aila mea kanu a me nā holoholona, ​​nā ʻakika momona, nā ʻawaʻawa momona, nā aila mineral a me kā lākou oxides.Iwaena o lakou, mea kanu a me ka holoholona aila, momona a me ka alkali saponification hiki ke hiki mai, oiai ka momona alcohols, mineral aila i ole saponified e ka alkali, akā, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe 'ia i loko o alcohols, ethers a me ka hydrocarbon mea hoʻoheheʻe organika, a me ka wai detergent hoʻonā wai emulsification a me ka dispersion.ʻO ka lepo wai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila ma ke ʻano he ikaika ikaika me nā mea fiber, a ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā fibers.

③ lepo kūikawā

Loaʻa i ka lepo kūikawā nā protein, starch, koko, nā mea huna kanaka e like me ka hou, sebum, mimi a me ka wai huaʻai a me ka wai kī.Hiki ke hoʻopili ikaika ʻia ka hapa nui o kēia ʻano lepo ma nā mea fiber.No laila, paʻakikī ke holoi.

ʻAʻole loaʻa wale nā ​​ʻano lepo like ʻole, akā hui pinepine ʻia a hoʻopili ʻia ma luna o ka mea.Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka lepo i kekahi manawa, decomposed a palaho paha ma lalo o nā mana o waho, pēlā e hana ai i ka lepo hou.

（2）Ka pili o ka lepo

Hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā lole, nā lima a me nā mea ʻē aʻe no ka mea aia kekahi ʻano pilina ma waena o ka mea a me ka lepo.Hoʻopili ka lepo i nā mea ma nā ʻano like ʻole, akā ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o nā adhesions kino a me nā kemika.

① ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka ʻehu, ka lepo, ka ʻōpala, ke one a me ka lanahu i nā lole he pili kino.ʻO ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ma o kēia adhesion o ka lepo, a ʻo ke kuleana ma waena o ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he palupalu, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo.Wahi a nā mana like ʻole, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka pili kino o ka lepo i ka mechanical adhesion a me ka electrostatic adhesion.

A: Hoʻopili mīkini

ʻO kēia ʻano adhesion e pili ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana o kekahi lepo paʻa (e laʻa, ka lepo, ka lepo a me ke one).ʻO ka hoʻopili mīkini kekahi o nā ʻano nāwaliwali o ka adhesion o ka lepo a hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia me nā ʻano mechanical maʻemaʻe, akā inā liʻiliʻi ka lepo (<0.1um), ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka wehe ʻana.

B: Hoʻopili electrostatic

Hōʻike nui ʻia ka adhesion electrostatic i ka hana o nā ʻāpana lepo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā mea i hoʻopiʻi ʻia.ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea fibrous i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka wai a hiki ke maʻalahi ke hoʻopili ʻia e kekahi mau lepo i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia, e like me nā ʻano lime.ʻO kekahi lepo, ʻoiai ua hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia, e like me nā ʻāpana kalapona ʻeleʻele i loko o nā hāʻina wai, hiki ke hoʻopili i nā fibers ma o nā alahaka ionic (iona ma waena o nā mea like ʻole, e hana pū ana me lākou ma ke ʻano like me ke alahaka) i hana ʻia e nā ion maikaʻi i loko o ka wai (e laʻa. , Ca2+， Mg2+ etc.).

ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ka hana electrostatic ma mua o ka hana mechanical maʻalahi, me ka paʻakikī o ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo.

② Hoʻopili kemika

ʻO ka hoʻopili kemika e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka lepo e hana ana ma luna o kahi mea ma o nā paʻa kemika a i ʻole hydrogen.No ka laʻana, polar paʻa lepo, protein, rust a me nā mea adhesion 'ē aʻe ma fiber 'ikamu, fibers loaʻa ka carboxyl, hydroxyl, amide a me nā hui 'ē aʻe, keia mau pūʻulu a me ka oily lepo momona nāʻakika, fatty alcohols ua maʻalahi ke hana hydrogen paʻa.ʻOi aku ka ikaika o nā kemika a no laila ua paʻa paʻa ka lepo i ka mea.He paʻakikī kēia ʻano lepo e wehe ʻia e nā ʻano hana maʻamau a koi i nā ʻano hana kūikawā e hana ai.

ʻO ke kūlana o ka hoʻopiliʻana o ka lepo e pili ana i keʻano o ka lepo pono'ī a me keʻano o ka mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia.ʻO ka maʻamau, pili maʻalahi nā ʻāpana i nā mea fibrous.ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o ke ʻano o ka lepo paʻa, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hoʻopili ʻana.ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ka lepo polar ma nā mea hydrophilic e like me ka pulupulu a me ke aniani ma mua o ka lepo polar ʻole.ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ka lepo polar ma mua o ka lepo polar, e like me nā momona polar, lepo a me ka pālolo, a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka wehe a hoʻomaʻemaʻe.

(3) ʻO ka hana hoʻoneʻe lepo

ʻO ke kumu o ka holoi ʻana ʻo ia ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo.Ma kahi ʻano o kahi mahana (ka nui o ka wai).Ke hoʻohana nei i nā ʻano like ʻole o ke kino a me ke kemika o ka mea holoi e hoʻonāwaliwali a hoʻopau paha i ka hopena o ka lepo a me nā mea i holoi ʻia, ma lalo o ka hana a kekahi mau mana mechanical (e like me ka hamo lima, ka mīkini holoi holoi, ka hopena o ka wai), no laila ka lepo a me nā mea holoi. mai ke kumu o ka decontamination.

① Mechanism o ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo wai

A: pulu

ʻO ka lepo wai ka nui o ka aila.Hoʻomaʻū ka ʻaila i nā mea fibrous a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma ke ʻano he kiʻi ʻaila ma ka ʻili o ka mea fibrous.ʻO ka hana mua o ka holoi ʻana ʻo ka pulu ʻana o ka ʻili e ka wai holoi.No ke kiʻi ʻana, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ka ʻili o kahi fiber he ʻili paʻa paʻa.

B: Hoʻokaʻawale ʻaila - ʻo ka ʻōnaehana curling

ʻO ka lua o ka hana i ka holoi ʻana ʻo ka wehe ʻana i ka ʻaila a me ka momona, ʻo ka wehe ʻana o ka lepo wai e loaʻa i kahi ʻano coiling.Ua noho mua ka lepo wai ma luna o ka ʻili ma ke ʻano o kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻaila pālahalaha, a ma lalo o ka hopena hoʻomaʻemaʻe makemake o ka wai holoi ma luna o ka ʻili paʻa (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka ʻili fiber), ua wili ʻia i loko o nā pahu ʻaila i kēlā me kēia lā. ua pani ʻia e ka wai holoi a haʻalele i ka ʻili ma lalo o kekahi mau mana o waho.

② Mechanism o ka wehe lepo paʻa

ʻO ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo wai ma o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o ka mea lawe lepo e ka wai holoi, ʻoiai ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o ka wehe ʻana no ka lepo paʻa, kahi o ka holoi ʻana e pili ana i ka pulu ʻana o ka lepo a me kāna mea lawe ma ka holoi ʻana. hoʻonā.Ma muli o ka adsorption o nā surfactants ma ka lepo paʻa a me ka ʻili o ka mea lawe, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka lepo a me ka ʻili a hoʻemi ʻia ka ikaika adhesion o ka lepo ma luna o ka ʻili, no laila ua maʻalahi ka wehe ʻana o ka lepo mai ka ʻili o ka lepo. ka mea lawe.

Eia kekahi, hiki i ka adsorption o nā surfactants, ʻoi aku ka ionic surfactants, ma ka ʻili o ka lepo paʻa a me kāna mea lawe i hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hiki ke hoʻonui i ka ʻili o ka lepo paʻa a me kāna mea lawe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wehe ʻana o ka lepo.Hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia nā ʻili paʻa a maʻamau paha i loko o ka pāpaʻi wai a no laila hiki ke hana i nā papa uila pālua ma luna o ka lepo a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻili paʻa.Ma muli o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā koina homogeneous, ua nāwaliwali ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā ʻāpana lepo i ka wai i ka ʻili paʻa.Ke hoʻohui ʻia kahi surfactant anionic, no ka mea hiki iā ia ke hoʻonui i ka hiki i ka manawa like ʻole o ka ʻili o ka lepo a me ka ʻili paʻa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka repulsion ma waena o lākou, ʻoi aku ka emi o ka ikaika adhesion o ka ʻāpana, a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka lepo. .

Hoʻopili ʻia nā surfactants non-ionic ma nā ʻili paʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻololi nui i ka hiki o ka interfacial, ʻo nā surfactants non-ionic adsorbed e hana i kekahi mānoanoa o ka papa adsorbed ma ka ʻili e kōkua i ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ka lepo.

I ka hihia o ka cationic surfactants, kā lākou adsorption e ho'ēmi aiʻole e hoʻopau i ka hopena maikaʻiʻole o ka lepo lepo a me konaʻili lawe, e hoʻemi ana i ka repulsion ma waena o ka lepo a me kaʻili a no lailaʻaʻole kūpono i ka weheʻana i ka lepo;Eia kekahi, ma hope o ka adsorption ma ka ʻili paʻa, hoʻohuli ka cationic surfactants i ka hydrophobic ili paʻa a no laila ʻaʻole kūpono i ka pulu ʻili a no laila holoi.

③ Wehe i nā lepo kūikawā

ʻO ka protein, ka starch, ka huna kanaka, ka wai huaʻai, ka wai kī a me nā lepo ʻē aʻe he paʻakikī ke wehe ʻia me nā surfactants maʻamau a koi i ka mālama kūikawā.

ʻO nā ʻōpala protein e like me ka ʻaila, nā hua, ke koko, ka waiū a me ka ʻili o ka ʻili e hoʻopaʻa i nā fibers a me ka degeneration a loaʻa i ka adhesion ikaika.Hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka lepo protein me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā protease.Hoʻopau ka enzyme protease i nā protein i loko o ka lepo i loko o ka wai-soluble amino acids a i ʻole oligopeptides.

Loaʻa nā ʻōpala starch mai nā meaʻai, nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me ka gravy, glue a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. He hopena koʻikoʻi ko Amylase i ka hydrolysis o nā kohu starch, e wāwahi ai ka starch i nā kō.

Hoʻopili ʻo Lipase i ka decomposition o nā triglycerides, he mea paʻakikī ke wehe ʻia e nā ʻano maʻamau, e like me ka sebum a me nā aila ʻai, a wāwahi iā lākou i glycerol soluble a me nā momona momona.

He paʻakikī ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe ma hope o ka holoi pinepine ʻana i kekahi mau ʻili kala mai nā wai huaʻai, wai kī, inika, lipstick a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.Hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia kēia mau stains e ka redox reaction me ka oxidizing a i ʻole reducing agent e like me ka bleach, ka mea e hoʻopau ai i ke ʻano o nā hui hoʻoulu kala a i ʻole nā ​​​​hui kōkua kala a hoʻohaʻahaʻa iā lākou i loko o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.

（4）Mekini hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo

ʻO ka mea i luna no ka wai ma ke ʻano o ka holoi ʻana.ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ma muli o nā ʻano lole like ʻole a me ke ʻano, ʻaʻole kūpono a ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka holoi ʻana i kekahi mau lole e hoʻohana ana i ka wai holoi maʻemaʻe, kekahi mau lole ma hope o ka holoi ʻana a me ka deformation, mae, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, no ka laʻana: ʻo ka hapa nui o nā fibers maoli e komo i ka wai a maʻalahi e pehu, a maloʻo a maʻalahi hoʻi e emi, no laila ma hope o ka holoi ʻana e deformed;ma ka holoi ʻana i nā huahana hulu hipa ke ʻike pinepine ʻia ke ʻano shrinkage, kekahi mau huahana hulu hipa me ka holoi wai maʻalahi hoʻi i ka pilling, hoʻololi kala;ʻOi aku ka ʻino o kekahi mau lima silika ma hope o ka holoi ʻana a nalowale ko lākou luster.No kēia mau lole e hoʻohana pinepine i ke ʻano hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo e decontaminate.ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo maʻamau e pili ana i ke ʻano holoi i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā solvents non-polar.

ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo kahi ʻano holoi maʻalahi ma mua o ka holoi wai.No ka mea, ʻaʻole pono ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo i ka hana mechanical nui, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopōʻino, wrinkling a me ka deformation i nā lole, ʻoiai ʻo nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, ʻaʻole like me ka wai, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hoʻonui a me ka contraction.E like me ka mālama pono ʻana o ka ʻenehana, hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā lole me ka ʻole o ka distortion, ka pau ʻana o ka waihoʻoluʻu a me ka lōʻihi o ke ola lawelawe.

Ma keʻano o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, aiaʻekoluʻano ākea o ka lepo.

①Oil-soluble dirt ʻO ka lepo hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila e pili ana i nā ʻano ʻaila a pau a me ka momona, he wai a momona paha a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo.

②Water-soluble lepo Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka lepo wai-soluble i ka wai, akā ʻaʻole i loko o nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, ua hoʻopili ʻia i nā lole ma kahi ʻano wai, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka wai ma hope o ka ua o nā paʻakai granular, e like me nā paʻakai inorganic, starch, protein, etc.

③ ʻO ka ʻaila a me ka lepo ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, e like me ke kalapona ʻeleʻele, silicates o nā metala like ʻole a me nā oxides, etc.

Ma muli o keʻano likeʻole o nāʻano lepo likeʻole, aia nāʻano likeʻole o ka weheʻana i ka lepo i loko o ke kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo.ʻO nā lepo hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, e like me nā aila holoholona a me nā mea kanu, nā ʻaila mineral a me nā momona, hiki ke maʻalahi i nā solvents organik a hiki ke wehe maʻalahi i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo.ʻO ka solubility maikaʻi loa o nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo no nā aila a me nā momona i loaʻa mai i nā ikaika van der Walls ma waena o nā mole.

No ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai e like me nā paʻakai inorganic, nā kō, nā protein a me ka hou, pono e hoʻohui pū ʻia ka nui o ka wai i ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, inā ʻaʻole paʻakikī ke wehe ʻia ka lepo wai mai ka lole.Eia naʻe, paʻakikī ka wai e hoʻoheheʻe i ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, no laila e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka wai, pono ʻoe e hoʻohui i nā surfactants.Hiki i ka wai i loko o ka mea ho'oma'ema'e malo'o ke ho'oma'ema'e i ka lepo a me ka lole, i ma'alahi ka launa pū me nā pū'ulu polar o nā surfactants, kahi kūpono i ka adsorption o nā surfactants ma luna o ka honua.Eia kekahi, i ka hana ʻana o nā surfactants i nā micelles, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka lepo a me ka wai i loko o nā micelles.Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka wai o ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, hiki i nā surfactants ke pāʻani i ka hana i ka paleʻana i ka waiho houʻana o ka lepo e hoʻonui i ka hopena decontamination.

Pono ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi wai liʻiliʻi e wehe i ka lepo hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, akā ʻo ka nui o ka wai hiki ke hoʻoneʻe a me ka wrinkling i loko o kekahi mau lole, no laila pono ka nui o ka wai i loko o ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo.

ʻO ka lepo ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai a i ʻole ka aila, nā ʻāpana paʻa e like me ka lehu, ka lepo, ka honua a me ke kalapona ʻeleʻele, pili maʻamau i ka lole e nā mana electrostatic a i hui pū ʻia me ka ʻaila.I ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, ke kahe o ka solvent, hiki i ka hopena ke hana i ka electrostatic force adsorption o ka lepo, a hiki i ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo ke hoʻoheheʻe i ka ʻaila, no laila ka hui pū ʻana o ka aila a me ka lepo a hoʻopili ʻia i ka lole o nā ʻāpana paʻa i ka maloʻo. -mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe, hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo i loko o kahi liʻiliʻi o ka wai a me nā surfactants, i hiki ai i ka poʻe ma waho o ka lepo lepo paʻa ke hoʻokuʻu paʻa, hoʻopuehu, e pale i kona waiho hou ʻana i ka lole.

（5）Nā mea e pili ana i ka holoi holoi

ʻO ka adsorption kuhikuhi o nā surfactants ma ke kikowaena a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka ʻili (interfacial) keu nā kumu nui i ka wehe ʻana i ka wai a i ʻole ka lepo paʻa.Eia nō naʻe, paʻakikī ke kaʻina hana holoi a me ka hopena o ka holoi ʻana, ʻoiai me ke ʻano detergent like, ua hoʻopili ʻia e nā kumu ʻē aʻe he nui.ʻO kēia mau mea e pili ana i ka manaʻo o ka mea holoi, ka mahana, ke ʻano o ka lepo, ke ʻano o ka fiber a me ke ʻano o ka lole.

① Ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka Surfactant

He kuleana koʻikoʻi nā micelles o nā surfactants i ka hoʻonā i ka hana holoi.Ke piʻi ka manaʻo i ka ʻike micelle koʻikoʻi (CMC), piʻi nui ka hopena holoi.No laila, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe i loko o ka solvent ma mua o ka waiwai CMC e loaʻa ai kahi hopena holoi maikaʻi.Eia nō naʻe, inā ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka surfactant ma mua o ka waiwai CMC, ʻaʻole maopopo ka piʻi ʻana o ka hopena holoi a ʻaʻole pono e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka surfactant.

I ka wehe ʻana i ka aila ma ka solubilization, piʻi ka hopena solubilization me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike surfactant, ʻoiai ke ʻoi aku ka ʻike ma luna o CMC.I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka detergent ma ke ʻano kikowaena kūloko.No ka laʻana, inā he nui ka lepo ma ka cuffs a me ke kola o kahi lole, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi papa o ka mea holoi holoi e hoʻonui i ka hopena solubilizing o ka surfactant ma ka ʻaila.

②He hopena koʻikoʻi ka wela i ka hana decontamination.Ma keʻano laulā, hiki i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mahana ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka wehe ʻana o ka lepo, akā i kekahi manawa hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ke hōʻeha i nā pōʻino.

ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka laha ʻana o ka lepo, emulsified maʻalahi ka momona paʻa i nā mahana ma luna o kona wahi hoʻoheheʻe a hoʻonui ʻia nā fibers i ka pehu ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, ʻo ia mau mea a pau e maʻalahi i ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo.Eia nō naʻe, no nā lole paʻa, ua hoʻemi ʻia nā microgaps ma waena o nā fibers i ka wā e hoʻonui ai nā fibers, kahi mea e hōʻino ai i ka wehe ʻana o ka lepo.

Hoʻololi pū ka hoʻololi i ka solubility, ka waiwai CMC a me ka nui micelle o nā surfactants, no laila e pili ana i ka hopena holoi.He haʻahaʻa ka solubility o nā surfactants me nā kaulahao kalapona lōʻihi i nā mahana haʻahaʻa a i kekahi manawa ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka solubility ma mua o ka waiwai CMC, no laila pono ke hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ka mahana holoi.ʻOkoʻa ka hopena o ka mahana ma ka waiwai CMC a me ka nui micelle no nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ionic a me ka non-ionic.No nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ionic, ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana e hoʻonui maʻamau i ka waiwai CMC a hōʻemi i ka nui micelle, ʻo ia hoʻi e hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻike o ka surfactant i loko o ka wai holoi.No nā surfactants non-ionic, hiki i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mahana i ka emi ʻana o ka waiwai CMC a me ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka leo micelle, no laila ua maopopo ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana e kōkua i ka surfactant non-ionic e hoʻokō i kāna hopena ʻeleʻele. .Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pono ka mahana ma mua o kona wahi ao.

I ka pōkole, pili ka mahana holoi maikaʻi loa i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka detergent a me ka mea e holoi ʻia.He hopena maikaʻi ko kekahi mau mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe ma ka lumi wela, a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe he ʻokoʻa ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ma waena o ke anuanu a me ka holoi wela.

③ Huhū

He mea maʻamau ka huikau ʻana i ka mana huʻihuʻi me ka hopena holoi, me ka manaʻoʻiʻo he hopena holoi holoi maikaʻi nā detergents me ka mana hū nui.Ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi ʻaʻohe pilina pololei ma waena o ka hopena holoi a me ka nui o ka huʻa.No ka laʻana, ʻaʻole i emi ka maikaʻi o ka holoi ʻana me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka holoi ʻana me nā mea holoi huʻa kiʻekiʻe.

ʻOiai ʻaʻole pili pono ka huʻa i ka holoi ʻana, aia kekahi mau manawa e kōkua ai i ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo, no ka laʻana, ke holoi ʻana i nā kīʻaha me ka lima.I ka wā e holoi ai i nā kāpeti, hiki i ka foam ke lawe aku i ka lepo a me nā ʻāpana lepo paʻa ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka lepo ʻōpala ka nui o ka lepo, no laila e loaʻa i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe kāpeti i kahi hiki ke hoʻohua.

He mea koʻikoʻi ka mana hoʻohuhū no nā shampoos, kahi i hana ʻia ai ka huʻa maikaʻi e ka wai i ka wā e holoi ai a ʻauʻau paha ka lauoho me ka lubricated a me ka ʻoluʻolu.

④ ʻO nā ʻano o nā fibers a me nā waiwai kino o nā textiles

Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻolālā kemika o nā fibers, e pili ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ka wehe ʻana o ka lepo, ʻo ke ʻano o nā fibers a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka ʻili a me ka lole he hopena i ka maʻalahi o ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo.

ʻO nā unahi o nā pulupulu a me nā lipine palahalaha o ka pulupulu ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka lepo ma mua o nā pulu paheʻe.No ka laʻana, he maʻalahi ka wehe ʻana i ke kalapona ʻeleʻele ma nā kiʻi cellulose (viscose films), aʻo ke kalapona ʻeleʻele i ʻeleʻele ʻia ma nā lole pulupulu paʻakikī ke holoi.ʻO kekahi laʻana, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā lole pulu pōkole i hana ʻia me ka polyester e hōʻiliʻili i nā ʻaila ʻaila ma mua o nā lole lole lōʻihi, a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻaila hinu ma nā lole ʻili lōʻihi.

ʻO nā wili wili paʻa a me nā lole paʻa, ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma waena o nā fibers, hiki ke pale aku i ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka lepo, akā hiki i ka mea like ke pale aku i ka wai holoi e kāpae i ka lepo o loko, no laila hoʻomaka nā lole paʻa e kūʻē i ka lepo maikaʻi, akā i ka wā e pau ai. ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka holoi ʻana.

⑤ Paʻakikī o ka wai

ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o Ca2+, Mg2+ a me nā ʻiona metala ʻē aʻe i loko o ka wai he mana nui i ka hopena holoi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wā e hālāwai ai nā mea hoʻoheheʻe anionic i nā ion Ca2+ a me Mg2+ e hana ana i nā paʻakai calcium a me ka magnesium i emi ʻole a hoʻemi i kona detergency.I loko o ka wai paʻakikī, ʻoiai ke kiʻekiʻe ka ʻike o ka surfactant, ʻoi aku ka ʻino o ka detergency ma mua o ka distillation.No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hopena holoi holoi maikaʻi loa o ka surfactant, pono e hoʻemi ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o nā ion Ca2+ i loko o ka wai i 1 x 10-6 mol/L (CaCO3 i 0.1 mg/L) a i ʻole.Pono kēia e hoʻohui i nā mea palupalu like ʻole i ka detergent.