nūhou

ʻO kā mākou huahana nui: Amino silicone, block silicone, hydrophilic silicone, kā lākou silicone emulsion a pau, hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wikiwiki, wai repellent (Fluorine free, Carbon 6, Carbon 8), nā kemika holoi demin (ABS, Enzyme, Spandex Protector, Manganese remover), e ʻoluʻolu e kelepona iā: Mandy +86 18681.

ʻO ka 9 mau pilina nui ma waena o nā mea hana Surfactants a me nā hale lole lole

01 Kūʻai ʻili

Ua kapa ʻia ka ikaika e hana i ka ʻili o ka wai no ka lōʻihi o ka ʻili, i ana ʻia ma N·m⁻¹.

02 Nā hana o ka ʻili a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe

ʻO ka waiwai e hoʻemi ai i ka haʻalulu ʻili o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka hana ʻili, a ʻo nā mea i loaʻa i kēia waiwai ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he mau mea ʻeleu. ʻO nā surfactants nā mea ʻeleʻele i hiki ke hana i nā aggregates i loko o nā wai wai, e like me nā micelles, a hōʻike i ka hana kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻili me nā hana e like me ka pulu, emulsifying, huʻa, a me ka holoi ʻana.

03 Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka molekole o nā Surfactants

ʻO Surfactants nā mea hoʻohuihui me nā hale kūikawā a me nā waiwai; hiki iā lākou ke hoʻololi nui i ka ʻāʻī o ka ʻaoʻao ma waena o nā ʻāpana ʻelua a i ʻole ka ʻili o ka ʻili o nā wai (ka wai maʻamau), e hōʻike ana i nā waiwai e like me ka pulu, ka huʻa, emulsifying, a me ka holoi ʻana. Ma ke ʻano, hoʻokaʻawale nā ​​surfactants i kahi ʻano maʻamau o ka loaʻa ʻana o ʻelua ʻano hui like ʻole i loko o kā lākou mau mole: ʻo kekahi hopena he pūʻulu non-polar kaulahao lōʻihi i hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila akā hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hui hydrophobic. ʻO kēia pūʻulu hydrophobic he hydrocarbon kaulahao lōʻihi, ʻoiai hiki i kekahi manawa ke komo i nā fluorides organik, silikoni organik, phosphine organik, a i ʻole nā ​​kaulahao organotin. ʻO ka hopena ʻē aʻe he hui hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hui hydrophilic. Pono ka hui hydrophilic i lawa ka hydrophilicity e hōʻoia i hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ka surfactant holoʻokoʻa i ka wai a loaʻa ka solubility pono. No ka mea, loaʻa i nā surfactants nā pūʻulu hydrophilic a me nā pūʻulu hydrophobic, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoheheʻe ma ka liʻiliʻi o hoʻokahi māhele o ka mea wai. Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano pili ʻelua o nā surfactants he amphiphility.

04 Nā ʻano o nā Surfactants

ʻO nā surfactants nā molekole amphiphilic me nā hui hydrophobic a me hydrophilic. ʻO ka pūʻulu hydrophobic ka mea maʻamau i haku ʻia me nā kaulahao kaulahao lōʻihi, e like me nā alkanes kaulahao pololei (C8–C20), nā alkanes lālā (C8–C20), a i ʻole nā ​​alkylbenzenes (alkyl carbon atom number 8–16). ʻO nā ʻokoʻa o nā pūʻulu hydrophobic e ulu nui mai nā ʻano like ʻole o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā kaulahao kalapona. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻokoʻa o nā pūʻulu hydrophilic, no laila ua pili nā waiwai o nā surfactant ʻaʻole wale i ka nui a me ke ʻano o ka pūʻulu hydrophobic akā i ka pūʻulu hydrophilic pū kekahi. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā surfactants ma muli o ke ʻano o ka pūʻulu hydrophilic, e like me ka ionic, e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou i anionic, cationic, nonionic, zwitterionic, a me nā ʻano surfactants kūikawā ʻē aʻe.

05 Nā waiwai o nā mea hoʻoponopono Surfactant

①Adsorption ma ka Interface

Loaʻa i nā molekala surfactant nā pūʻulu hydrophilic a me hydrophobic. ʻO ka wai, ʻo ia ka wai polar ikaika, ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā surfactants i loko o ia mea, e hahai ana i ke kumu o ka "polarity like ʻole e huki kekahi i kekahi; Hoʻopili kona pūʻulu hydrophilic me ka wai, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ʻoiai ʻo kāna pūʻulu hydrophobic e hoʻihoʻi mai ka wai a puka i waho o ka pae wai, e hopena i nā molekala surfactant (a i ʻole ion) adsorbing ma ka papa interfacial, a laila e hōʻemi ana i ka ʻeha interfacial ma waena o nā pae ʻelua. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā molekala surfactant (a i ʻole nā ​​ion) i hoʻopili ʻia ma ke kikowaena, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka haʻalulu interfacial.

② Nā waiwai o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni Adsorbed

ʻO ke kaomi ʻili o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni Adsorbed: Hoʻokumu nā Surfactants i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni adsorbed ma ke kikowaena kinoea-wai. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka waiho ʻana i kahi lana hoʻoheheʻe frictionless ma ka ʻaoʻao o kahi wai e hoʻoikaika i ka lana i ka wā e pahu ʻia ai ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma ka ʻili wai. Kapa ʻia kēia kaomi ʻana i ka ʻili.

ʻO ka ʻili o ka ʻili: E like me ke kaomi ʻana i ka ʻili, ʻo ka viscosity o ka ʻili kahi waiwai i hōʻike ʻia e nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni molecular insoluble. Ma ke kau ʻana i ke apo platinum ma kahi uwea metala maikaʻi a pā i ka ʻili o ka wai i loko o kahi pahu, ʻo ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ke apo platinum e hōʻike ana i ke kūʻē ʻana ma muli o ka viscosity o ka wai. Hiki i ka palaho i ka amplitude ke ana i ka viscosity o ka ili; ʻo ka ʻokoʻa o ka pohō ma waena o ka wai maʻemaʻe a me ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni i loko o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni e hāʻawi i ka viscosity o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Pili loa ka viscosity o ka ʻili i ka paʻa kiʻiʻoniʻoni; no ka mea, loaʻa i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni adsorbed ke kaomi ʻili a me ka viscosity, pono lākou e loaʻa i ka elasticity. ʻOi aku ka nui o ke kaomi ʻili a me ka viscosity o ke kiʻi adsorbed, ʻoi aku ka nui o kona modulus elastic.

③ Hoʻokumu Micelle

ʻO ke ʻano o nā surfactants i loko o nā hoʻonā dilute e hoʻolohe i nā loina hoʻonā kūpono. Piʻi ka nui o ka surfactant adsorbed ma ka ʻili o ka hoʻonā i ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoʻonā ʻana a hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi ʻano, a laila ʻaʻole e piʻi hou ka adsorption. Hoʻopuehu wale ʻia nā molekole surfactant keu ma kēia wahi a i ʻole ke ʻano ma ke ʻano hoʻohālike. Hōʻike nā hōʻike hoʻokō a me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo e hana lākou i nā aggregates i loko o ka hopena, i kapa ʻia ʻo micelles. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa kahi e hoʻomaka ai nā surfactants e hana i nā micelles i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ʻike micelle koʻikoʻi (CMC).

06 Waiwai Kaulike Hydrophilic-Lipophilic (HLB)

HLB, pōkole no Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance, hōʻike i ke kaulike ma waena o hydrophilic a me lipophilic pūʻulu i surfactants. Hōʻike ka waiwai HLB kiʻekiʻe i ka hydrophilicity ikaika a me ka lipophilicity nāwaliwali, ʻoiai he ʻoiaʻiʻo ka ʻaoʻao no nā koina HLB haʻahaʻa.

① Hōʻike i nā Waiwai HLB**:Pili ka waiwai HLB; No laila, no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā waiwai HLB, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka maʻamau no kahi mea ʻaʻole hydrophilic, e like me ka paraffin, ma HLB = 0, akā ʻo ka sodium dodecyl sulfate me ka hoʻoheheʻe wai ikaika i hāʻawi ʻia iā HLB = 40. No laila, hāʻule maʻamau nā koina HLB no nā surfactants ma waena o 1 a me 40. ʻO nā surfactants me ka waiwai HLB ma lalo o 10 he lipophilic. No laila, ʻo ka helu inflection ma waena o ka lipophilicity a me ka hydrophilicity ma kahi o 10. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā surfactants mai kā lākou mau waiwai HLB.

HLB

Nā noi

HLB

Nā noi

1.5~3

W/O Type Defoaming Agents

8~18

O/W Type Emulsifiers

3.5-6

W/O Type Emulsifiers

13-15

Nā mea holoi holoi

7~9

Na Agena Waiwai

15~18

Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe

Wahi a ka papaʻaina, ʻo nā surfactants kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he ʻaila-i-wai emulsifiers ka waiwai HLB o 3.5 a 6, aʻo nā mea no ka wai-i-ʻaila emulsifier e hāʻule ma waena o 8 a 18.

② Ka Hoʻoholo ʻana i nā Waiwai HLB (waiho ʻia).

07 Emulsification a me Solubilization

ʻO ka emulsion kahi ʻōnaehana i hana ʻia ke hoʻopuehu ʻia kekahi wai immiscible i kekahi ma ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana maikaʻi (droplets a i ʻole nā ​​kristal wai). ʻO ka emulsifier, kahi ʻano surfactant, he mea nui ia no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kēia ʻōnaehana thermodynamically unstable ma ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka ikehu interfacial. ʻO ka māhele i loaʻa i loko o ke ʻano droplet i loko o ka emulsion ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka dispersed phase (a i ʻole i loko), aʻo ka pae e hana ana i kahi papa hoʻomau i kapa ʻia ʻo ka dispersion medium (a i ʻole ka pae waho).

① Nā Emulsifiers a me nā Emulsions

ʻO nā emulsion maʻamau i hoʻokahi māhele e like me ka wai a i ʻole ka wai wai, a ʻo kekahi ma ke ʻano he mea olaola, e like me ka aila a i ʻole nā ​​​​waxes. Ma muli o ko lākou hoʻopuehu ʻana, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā emulsions e like me ka wai-i-ʻaila (W / O) kahi i hoʻopuehu ʻia ai ka ʻaila i loko o ka wai, a i ʻole aila-i-wai (O / W) kahi i hoʻopuehu ʻia ai ka wai i ka ʻaila. Eia kekahi, hiki ke noho nā emulsions paʻakikī e like me W / O / W a i ʻole O / W / O. Hoʻopaʻa nā emulsifiers i nā emulsion ma o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka ʻāʻī a me ka hana ʻana i nā membrane monomolecular. Pono ka emulsifier e hoʻopili a hōʻiliʻili paha ma ke kikowaena e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka ʻāʻī o ka ʻaoʻao a hāʻawi i nā uku i nā droplets, e hoʻohua ai i ka electrostatic repulsion, a i ʻole e hana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni pale viscosity kiʻekiʻe a puni nā ʻāpana. No laila, pono e loa'a i nā mea i ho'ohana 'ia e like me nā emulsifiers nā pū'ulu amphiphilic, i hiki i nā surfactants ke hā'awi.

② Nā ʻano o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka emulsion a me nā mea e hoʻopili ai i ka paʻa

ʻElua mau ala nui no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā emulsion: ʻo nā ʻano mechanical e hoʻopuehu i nā wai i loko o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i loko o kahi wai ʻē aʻe, aʻo ka ʻaoʻao ʻelua e pili ana i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā wai i loko o ke ʻano molekula i kahi ʻē aʻe a hoʻohui pono iā lākou. ʻO ke kūpaʻa o kahi emulsion e pili ana i kona hiki ke pale i ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻāpana e alakaʻi i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana. ʻO nā emulsions nā ʻōnaehana thermodynamically unstable me ka ikehu manuahi ʻoi aʻe, no laila ke hōʻike nei ko lākou kūpaʻa i ka manawa e pono ai e hiki i ke kaulike, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka manawa e hoʻokaʻawale ai ka wai mai ka emulsion. Ke loaʻa nā ʻawaʻawa momona, nā ʻakika momona, a me nā amine momona i loko o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni interfacial, piʻi nui ka ikaika o ka membrane no ka mea, ua hoʻokumu nā molekala organik polar i nā paʻakikī i ka papa adsorbed, e hoʻoikaika ana i ka membrane interfacial.

ʻO nā emulsifiers i haku ʻia me ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha nā surfactants ua kapa ʻia he emulsifier hui. Hoʻopili ʻia nā emulsifiers i hui ʻia ma ka wai-ʻaila interface, a hiki i nā pilina molekala ke hana i nā mea paʻakikī e hoʻohaʻahaʻa loa i ka haʻahaʻa interfacial, e hoʻonui ana i ka nui o ka adsorbate a hoʻokumu i nā membrane interfacial ikaika.

ʻO nā droplets i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka uila ke hoʻoikaika nui i ka paʻa o nā emulsion. I loko o nā emulsion paʻa, lawe maʻamau nā droplets i ka uku uila. Ke hoʻohana ʻia nā emulsifiers ionic, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka hopena hydrophobic o nā surfactants ionic i loko o ka pae aila, ʻoiai ka hopena hydrophilic e mau ana i ka pae wai, e hāʻawi ana i ka uku i nā droplets. E like me nā hoʻopiʻi ma waena o nā droplets ke kumu o ka repulsion a pale i ka coalescence, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ke kūpaʻa. No laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka neʻe ʻana o nā ion emulsifier adsorbed ma nā droplets, ʻoi aku ka nui o kā lākou uku a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻa o ka emulsion.

ʻO ka viscosity o ka mea hoʻopuehu pū kekahi e pili ana i ka paʻa emulsion. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā medium viscosity kiʻekiʻe no ka mea ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka pale ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o Brownian o nā kulu, e hoʻolōʻihi i ka hiki ke hoʻokuʻi. Hiki ke hoʻonui i ka viscosity medium a me ka paʻa i nā mea kaumaha nui-molecular e hoʻoheheʻe i ka emulsion. Hoʻohui hou, hiki i nā mea molekala-kaumaha kiʻekiʻe ke hana i nā membrane interfacial ikaika, e hoʻopaʻa hou i ka emulsion. I kekahi mau hihia, hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā pauka paʻa ke hoʻopaʻa like i nā emulsion. Inā pulu piha ʻia nā ʻāpana paʻa e ka wai a hiki ke pulu ʻia e ka ʻaila, e mālama ʻia lākou ma ke kikowaena wai-ʻaila. Hoʻokūpaʻa nā pauka paʻa i ka emulsion ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni i ko lākou hui ʻana ma ke kikowaena, e like me nā surfactants adsorbed.

Hiki i nā surfactants ke hoʻoikaika nui i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai ma hope o ka hana ʻana o nā micelles i ka hopena. I kēia manawa, ʻike maopopo ʻia ka hopena, a ua kapa ʻia kēia hiki ke hoʻonā. ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka solubilization ua kapa ʻia he solubilizers, aʻo nā pūhui organik i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i kapa ʻia he solubilates.

08 Huhu

He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka foam i ka holoi ʻana. E pili ana ka Foam i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻopuehu o ke kinoea i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o ka wai a i ʻole ka paʻa, me ke kinoea ma ke ʻano o ka dispersed phase a me ka wai a i ʻole ka paʻa e like me ke ʻano hoʻopuehu, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka huʻa wai a i ʻole ka huʻa paʻa, e like me nā plastics foam, ke aniani pahu, a me ka pahu pahu.

(1) Hoʻohuhū

ʻO ka huaʻōlelo foam e pili ana i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā ʻōpū ea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni wai. Ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa haʻahaʻa ma waena o ke kinoea (kahi i hoʻopuehu ʻia) a me ka wai (medium dispersion), a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka wai, piʻi koke nā ʻōpala kinoea i luna. ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka huʻihue e hoʻokomo i ka nui o ke kinoea i loko o ka wai; a laila, hoʻi koke nā ʻōhū i ka ʻili, e hana ana i kahi hui o nā ʻōpū ea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni wai liʻiliʻi. ʻElua mau hiʻohiʻona morphological kūʻokoʻa ʻo Foam: ʻo ka mua, ua manaʻo pinepine nā ʻōpū kinoea i ke ʻano polyhedral no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka lahilahi o ke kiʻi wai lahilahi ma ke kuʻekuʻe ʻana o nā ʻōpū, a hiki i ka hopena i ka pohā o ka ʻōpū. ʻO ka lua, ʻaʻole hiki i nā wai maʻemaʻe ke hana i ka huʻa paʻa; ma ka liʻiliʻi ʻelua mau mea pono e loaʻa no ka hana ʻana i ka huʻa. ʻO ka hoʻonā surfactant kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻohūhū maʻamau i hoʻopili ʻia ka mana huʻa i kona mau waiwai ʻē aʻe. Ua kapa ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe me ka hiki ke hoʻohua maikaʻi. ʻOiai ke hōʻike nei nā mea hoʻohāhā i nā mana hoʻohua maikaʻi, ʻaʻole lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka huʻa a lākou e hana ai, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole i hōʻoia ʻia ko lākou kūpaʻa. No ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka paʻa o ka huʻa, hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia nā mea e hoʻonui ai i ka paʻa; ua kapa ʻia kēia mau stabilizers, me nā stabilizer maʻamau me ka lauryl diethanolamine a me nā oxides o dodecyl dimethyl amine.

(2) Paʻa Paʻa

ʻO ka foam kahi ʻōnaehana thermodynamically unstable; ʻO kona holomua maoli ke alakaʻi i ka rupture, no laila e hōʻemi ana i ka nui o ka ʻili wai a me ka emi ʻana o ka ikehu manuahi. ʻO ke kaʻina hana defoaming e pili ana i ka ʻemi mālie o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni wai e hoʻokaʻawale i ke kinoea a hiki i ka haki ʻana. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻa o ka foam e hoʻopili nui ʻia e ka nui o ka hoʻokahe wai a me ka ikaika o ke kiʻi wai. ʻO nā kumu koʻikoʻi he:

① Kūleʻa Kūleʻa: Mai kahi hiʻohiʻona ikaika, makemake ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka huʻa akā ʻaʻole ia e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka paʻa ʻana o ka huʻa. Hōʻike ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i kahi ʻokoʻa puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻokahe wai lohi a me ka mānoanoa o ke kiʻi wai, ʻo ia mau mea ʻelua e makemake i ka paʻa.

② ʻO ka ʻili o ka ʻili: ʻO ke kumu nui i ka paʻa ʻana o ka ʻūhā ʻo ia ka ikaika o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni wai, i hoʻoholo mua ʻia e ka paʻa o ka kiʻi adsorption surface, i ana ʻia e ka viscosity surface. Hōʻike nā hopena hoʻokolohua ʻo nā hāʻina me ka viscosity o ka ʻili kiʻekiʻe e hana i ka huʻa lōʻihi lōʻihi ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka pilina molekala i loko o ke kiʻi adsorbed e hoʻonui nui i ka ikaika membrane.

③ Solution Viscosity: ʻO ka viscosity kiʻekiʻe i loko o ka wai ponoʻī e hoʻolohi i ka hoʻokahe ʻana o ka wai mai ka membrane, a laila e hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola ʻana o ke kiʻi wai ma mua o ka haki ʻana, e hoʻonui ai i ka paʻa o ka pua.

④ Hana "Hoʻoponopono" Surface Tension: Hiki i nā surfactants adsorbed i ka membrane ke kū'ē i ka hoʻonui a i ʻole ka ʻoki ʻana o ka ʻili kiʻiʻoniʻoni; kapa ʻia kēia hana hoʻoponopono. Ke hoʻopili nā surfactants i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni wai a hoʻonui i kona ʻāpana ili, hoʻemi kēia i ka neʻe ʻana o ka surfactant ma ka ʻili a hoʻonui i ka ʻili o ka ʻili; ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, alakaʻi ka contraction i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka surfactant ma ka ʻili a ma hope e hoʻemi ai i ka ʻili o ka ʻili.

⑤ Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ke kinoea ma o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni wai: Ma muli o ke kaomi capillary, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi i loko i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻōhū nui, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ke kinoea mai nā ʻōmole liʻiliʻi i loko o nā mea nui aʻe, e emi ai nā ʻōmole liʻiliʻi a e ulu aʻe nā mea nui, i ka hopena o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka huʻa. ʻO ka hoʻohana mau ʻana o nā surfactants e hana i nā ʻano like ʻole, puʻupuʻu maikaʻi ʻia a pale i ka defoaming. Me nā surfactants i hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia i ka wai kiʻiʻoniʻoni, keakea ʻia ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ke kinoea, no laila e hoʻonui ai i ka paʻa o ka foam.

⑥ Ka hopena o ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka ʻili: Inā like ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni wai puna, e hoʻokuke ana nā ʻili ʻelua i kekahi i kekahi, e pale ana i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni mai ka lahilahi a i ʻole ka haki ʻana. Hiki i nā Ionic surfactants ke hāʻawi i kēia hopena hoʻopaʻa. I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻo ka ikaika o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni wai ka mea koʻikoʻi e hoʻoholo ai i ka paʻa o ka foam. ʻO nā surfactants e hana ana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohāhā a me nā stabilizers pono e hana i nā molekala i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka ʻili, no ka mea he hopena nui kēia i ka pilina molecular interfacial, e hoʻonui ai i ka ikaika o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni ponoʻī a pēlā e pale ai i ka kahe ʻana o ka wai mai ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni e pili ana, e hiki ke loaʻa i ka paʻa o ka foam.

(3) Ka luku ʻana i ka ʻehu

ʻO ke kumu kumu o ka luku ʻana i ka huʻihue e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kūlana e hoʻopuka ai i ka ʻūhā a i ʻole ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā kumu hoʻokūpaʻa o ka huʻa, e alakaʻi ana i nā ʻano defoaming kino a me ke kemika. Mālama ka defoaming kino i ka hui kemika o ka solution foamy i ka wā e hoʻololi ai i nā kūlana e like me ka haunaele o waho, ka mahana, a i ʻole ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kaomi, a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ultrasonic, nā ʻano hana maikaʻi a pau no ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka pua. ʻO ka defoaming kemika e pili ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana i kekahi mau mea e pili ana me nā mea hoʻohāhā e hōʻemi i ka ikaika o ke kiʻi wai i loko o ka huʻa, e hōʻemi ana i ka paʻa o ka foam a hiki i ka defoaming. Ua kapa ʻia ia mau mea he defoamers, ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau mea he surfactants. Loaʻa i nā Defoamers ka mana koʻikoʻi e hōʻemi i ka haʻalulu o ka ʻili a hiki ke hoʻopili koke i nā ʻili, me kahi pilina nāwaliwali i waena o nā molekole constituent, no laila e hana ana i kahi ʻano molekala i hoʻonohonoho ʻia. ʻOkoʻa nā ʻano ʻano Defoamer, akā he mau surfactants nonionic maʻamau, me nā ʻawaʻawa lālā, nā ʻakika momona, nā esters momona momona, nā polyamides, nā phosphates, a me nā aila silicone i hoʻohana mau ʻia e like me nā defoamers maikaʻi loa.

(4) Huhū a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe

ʻAʻole pili pono ka nui o ka pua me ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe; ʻO ka nui o ka huʻa ʻaʻole ia he hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi. No ka laʻana, hiki i nā surfactants nonionic ke hoʻohua liʻiliʻi ma mua o ke kopa, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe. Eia naʻe, i kekahi mau kūlana, hiki i ka huʻa ke kōkua i ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo; no ka laʻana, kōkua ka huʻa o ka holoi kīʻaha i ka lawe ʻana i ka momona, ʻoiai ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā ʻeke e hiki ai i ka huʻa ke wehe i ka lepo a me nā mea haumia paʻa. Eia kekahi, hiki i ka foam ke hōʻailona i ka pono o ka mea holoi; ʻO ka momona momona nui ke keʻakeʻa pinepine nei i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka huʻihuʻi, no ka nele o ka huʻa a i ʻole ka emi ʻana o ka huʻa e kū nei, e hōʻike ana i ka haʻahaʻa o ka mea holoi holoi. Eia hou, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻōhū ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona no ka maʻemaʻe o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, no ka mea, e emi pinepine ana ka nui o ka hupa i ka wai holoi me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.

09 Holoi Holoi

ʻO ka ʻōlelo ākea, ʻo ka holoi ʻana ke kaʻina o ka wehe ʻana i nā mea makemake ʻole mai ka mea e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia e hoʻokō i kekahi kumu. Ma nā ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻo ka holoi ʻana e pili ana i ka wehe ʻana o ka lepo mai ka ʻili o ka mea lawe. I ka wā holoi, hana kekahi mau mea kemika (e like me nā mea holoi) e hoʻonāwaliwali a hoʻopau paha i ka pilina ma waena o ka lepo a me ka mea lawe, e hoʻololi i ka paʻa ma waena o ka lepo a me ka mea lawe i mea paʻa ma waena o ka lepo a me ka mea holoi, e hiki ai ke kaʻawale. Ma muli o nā mea e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia a me ka lepo e pono e wehe ʻia hiki ke ʻano like ʻole, ʻo ka holoi ʻana he hana paʻakikī, hiki ke maʻalahi i ka pilina ma lalo:

Ka mea lawe • Dirt + Detergent = Carrier + Dirt • Detergent. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kaʻina hana holoi i ʻelua mau ʻanuʻu:

1. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka lepo mai ka mea lawe ma lalo o ka hana a ka mea holoi;

2. Hoʻopuehu ʻia ka lepo i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ka waena. Hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia ke kaʻina hana holoi, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki i ka lepo i hoʻopuehu ʻia a i hoʻokuʻu ʻia paha ke kau hou ma luna o ka mea i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia. No laila, ʻaʻole pono nā mea holoi pono i kahi hiki ke wehe i ka lepo mai ka mea lawe aku akā e hoʻopuehu a hoʻokuʻu i ka lepo, e pale ai mai ka hoʻonoho hou ʻana.

(1) Nā ʻano lepo

Hiki i kahi mea hoʻokahi ke hōʻiliʻili i nā ʻano like ʻole, nā haku mele, a me ka nui o ka lepo ma muli o kona ʻano hoʻohana. ʻO ka lepo ʻaila ka nui o nā ʻaila holoholona a me nā mea kanu a me nā aila mineral (e like me ka aila ʻaila, ka aila wahie, ka lanahu tar, etc.); ʻO ka lepo paʻa e komo pū ana me nā mea ʻāpana e like me ka ʻuhu, ka lepo, ka ʻōpala, a me ka ʻeleʻele kalapona. E pili ana i ka lepo o ka lole, hiki ke puka mai mai loko mai o ka huna kanaka e like me ka hou, sebum, a me ke koko; nā ʻeleʻele pili i ka meaʻai e like me nā ʻili hua a i ʻole ka aila a me nā mea ʻala; nā koena mai nā mea hoʻonaninani e like me ka lipstick a me ka nail polish; nā mea haumia o ka lewa e like me ka uahi, ka lepo, a me ka lepo; a me nā stains hou e like me ka inika, ke kī, a me ka pena. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia ʻano lepo i nā ʻano paʻa, wai, a me nā ʻano kūikawā.

① Paʻa Paʻa: ʻO nā laʻana maʻamau e pili ana i ka ʻenehu, ka lepo, a me nā ʻāpana lepo, ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau mea ke loaʻa i nā uku—pinepine ʻino—e pili maʻalahi i nā mea fibrous. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka lepo paʻa i ka wai akā hiki ke hoʻopuehu ʻia a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i nā mea holoi. Hiki ke paʻakikī loa ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ma mua o 0.1μm.

② Liquid Dirt: Loaʻa kēia mau mea aila i hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila, ʻo ia hoʻi nā aila holoholona, ​​nā ʻakika momona, nā ʻawaʻawa momona, nā aila mineral, a me kā lākou mau oxide. ʻOiai ʻo nā aila holoholona a me nā mea kanu a me nā ʻakika momona hiki ke hana me ka alkalis e hana i nā kopa, ʻaʻole e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā ʻaila momona a me nā ʻaila minerala akā hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e nā ʻawaʻawa, eter, a me nā hydrocarbons organik, a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a hoʻopuehu ʻia e nā mea holoi holoi. Paʻa mau ka lepo ʻaila wai i nā mea fibrous ma muli o nā pilina ikaika.

③ ʻO ka lepo kūikawā: Aia kēia māhele i nā protein, starch, koko, a me nā mea huna kanaka e like me ka hou a me ka mimi, a me nā huaʻai a me nā wai kī. Hoʻopaʻa paʻa kēia mau mea i nā fiber ma o ka hoʻopili kemika, e ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka holoi ʻana. ʻAʻole kū kaʻawale nā ​​ʻano lepo like ʻole, akā hui pū lākou a pili pū i nā ʻili. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, ma lalo o nā mana o waho, hiki i ka lepo ke oxidize, decompose, a palaho paha, e hana i nā ʻano lepo hou.

(2) Hoʻopili i ka lepo

Pili ka lepo i nā mea e like me ka lole a me ka ʻili ma muli o kekahi mau pilina ma waena o ka mea a me ka lepo. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka ikaika ma waena o ka lepo a me ka mea ma muli o ka hoʻopili kino a i ʻole kemika.

① Hoʻopili kino: ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lepo e like me ka ʻuhu, ka lepo, a me ka ʻōpala e pili ana i nā pilina kino nāwaliwali. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, hiki ke wehe maʻalahi kēia mau ʻano lepo ma muli o ko lākou adhesion nāwaliwali, ʻo ia ka mea e puka mai ana mai nā mana mechanical a electrostatic paha.

A: Mechanical Adhesion**: ʻO kēia ka mea maʻamau i ka lepo paʻa e like me ka lepo a i ʻole ke one e pili ana ma nā ʻano mechanical, he mea maʻalahi ke wehe, ʻoiai ʻo nā mea liʻiliʻi ma lalo o 0.1μm paʻakikī loa e hoʻomaʻemaʻe.

B: Electrostatic Adhesion**: Pili kēia i nā ʻāpana lepo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e pili ana me nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia; ʻO ka mea maʻamau, lawe nā mea fibrous i nā hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole, e ʻae iā lākou e huki i nā mea pili pono e like me kekahi mau paʻakai. Hiki ke hōʻiliʻili ʻia kekahi mau mea i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ma luna o kēia mau fiber ma o nā alahaka ionic i hana ʻia e nā iona maikaʻi i ka hopena.

② Hoʻopili Kemika: Pili kēia i ka lepo e pili ana i kahi mea ma o nā mea paʻa kemika. No ka laʻana, paʻa paʻa ka lepo paʻa polar a i ʻole nā ​​mea e like me ka ʻōpala ma muli o nā paʻa kemika i hana ʻia me nā hui hana e like me carboxyl, hydroxyl, a i ʻole nā ​​hui amine i loko o nā mea fibrous. Hoʻokumu kēia mau mea paʻa i nā pilina ikaika, e ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka wehe ʻana i ia lepo; pono paha nā lāʻau lapaʻau kūikawā e hoʻomaʻemaʻe pono. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka lepo e pili ana i nā waiwai ʻelua o ka lepo ponoʻī a me nā mea o ka ʻili i pili ai.

(3) Mechanisms of Dirt Wehewehe

ʻO ka pahuhopu o ka holoi ʻana, ʻo ia ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka lepo. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hana kino a me ke kemika o nā mea holoi e hoʻonāwaliwali a hoʻopau paha i ka pili ʻana ma waena o ka lepo a me nā mea i holoi ʻia, i kōkua ʻia e nā mana mechanical (e like me ka holoi lima ʻana, ka mīkini holoi holoi, a i ʻole ka hopena o ka wai), a hiki i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka lepo.

① Mechanism of Liquid Dirt Wehewehe

A: Mākū: He ʻaila ka nui o ka lepo wai a hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā mea fibrous like ʻole, e hana ana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma luna o ko lākou mau ʻili. ʻO ka hana mua o ka holoi ʻana, ʻo ia ka hana a ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe i mea e pulu ai ka ʻili.
B: Rollup Mechanism no ka wehe ʻana i ka aila: ʻO ka hana ʻelua o ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo wai ma o ke kaʻina ʻōwili. ʻO ka lepo wai e laha ana ma ke ʻano he kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma luna o ka ʻili e ʻōwili mau ʻia i loko o nā kulu ma muli o ka pulu ʻana o ka wai holoi i ka ʻili fibrous, a laila hoʻololi ʻia e ka wai holoi.

② Mechanism of Solid Dirt Wehewehe

ʻAʻole like me ka lepo wai, ʻo ka wehe ʻana o ka lepo paʻa e hilinaʻi i ka hiki o ka wai holoi e pulu i nā ʻāpana lepo a me ka ʻili o ka mea lawe. ʻO ka adsorption o nā surfactants ma luna o nā ʻili o ka lepo paʻa a me ka mea lawe e hōʻemi i kā lākou mau pilina pili, a laila e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka ikaika adhesion o nā ʻāpana lepo, e maʻalahi iā lākou e wehe. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā surfactants, ʻoi aku ka ionic surfactants, hiki ke hoʻonui i ka mana uila o ka lepo paʻa a me ka mea ʻili, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka wehe hou ʻana.

Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā surfactants nonionic ma nā ʻili paʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hiki ke hana i kahi papa adsorbed koʻikoʻi, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka lepo. Hiki i nā cationic surfactants ke hoʻemi i ka mana uila o ka lepo a me ka ʻili o ka mea lawe, e alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka repulsion a keakea i ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo.

③ Wehe i ka lepo kūikawā

Hiki i nā mea holoi maʻamau ke hakakā me nā ʻeleʻele paʻakikī mai nā protein, starch, koko, a me nā mea huna o ke kino. Hiki i nā enzyme e like me ka protease ke hoʻopau maikaʻi i nā ʻili protein ma o ka wāwahi ʻana i nā protein i loko o nā waikawa amino soluble a i ʻole peptides. Pēlā nō, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā starches i ke kō e ka amylase. Hiki i nā lipases ke kōkua i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā haumia triacylglycerol i paʻakikī pinepine e hoʻoneʻe ma o nā ala maʻamau. Pono nā ʻōpala mai nā wai huaʻai, kī, a i ʻole ka inika i kekahi manawa i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻoemi, e hana pū me nā pūʻulu hana kala e hoʻohaʻahaʻa iā lākou i mau ʻāpana wai.

(4) Mechanism of Dry Cleaning

ʻO nā mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua e pili ana i ka holoi ʻana me ka wai. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o nā lole, ʻaʻole hiki ke pane maikaʻi kekahi mau mea i ka holoi ʻana i ka wai, e alakaʻi ana i ka deformation, ka pau ʻana o ke kala, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. No laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, maʻamau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā solvents organik, no kēia mau textiles.

ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka holoi pulu, no ka mea e hōʻemi i ka hana mechanical e hōʻino i nā lole. No ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo maikaʻi i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka lepo i ʻekolu ʻano nui:

① ʻO ka lepo hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila: Aia kēia me nā aila a me nā momona, e hoʻoheheʻe maʻalahi i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo.

② ʻO ka lepo hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai: Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia kēia ʻano i ka wai akā ʻaʻole i loko o nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, ʻo ia hoʻi nā paʻakai inorganic, nā starch, a me nā protein, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wā e mahuka ai ka wai.

③ Ka lepo ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai: ʻO kēia nā mea e like me ke kalapona ʻeleʻele a me nā silicate metala ʻaʻole e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i kēlā me kēia mea.

Pono kēlā me kēia ʻano lepo i nā hoʻolālā like ʻole no ka wehe ʻana i ka wā hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo. Hoʻopau ʻia ka lepo hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka aila me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik ma muli o ko lākou hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi ʻia i nā solvents nonpolar. No nā ʻeleʻele hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, pono e loaʻa ka wai kūpono i loko o ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo no ka mea he mea koʻikoʻi ka wai no ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, no ka mea he liʻiliʻi ka solubility o ka wai i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, hoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā surfactants e kōkua i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka wai.

Hoʻonui ka Surfactants i ka hiki o ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe no ka wai a kōkua i ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā mea haumia wai i loko o nā micelles. Eia hou, hiki i nā surfactants ke pale i ka lepo mai ka hana ʻana i nā waihona hou ma hope o ka holoi ʻana, e hoʻonui ai i ka pono o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe. He mea nui ka hoʻohui iki ʻana i ka wai no ka wehe ʻana i kēia mau haumia, akā hiki i ka nui o ka nui ke alakaʻi i ka distortion o ka lole, no laila e pono ai ka ʻike wai kaulike i nā hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo.

(5) Nā mea e hoʻopili ai i ka hana holoi

He mea koʻikoʻi ka adsorption o nā surfactants ma nā loulou a me ka hopena o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka ʻāʻī o ka interfacial no ka wehe ʻana i ka wai a i ʻole ka lepo paʻa. Eia nō naʻe, paʻakikī ka holoi ʻana, i hoʻopili ʻia e nā kumu he nui ma waena o nā ʻano mea holoi like. ʻO kēia mau mea e pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka detergent, ka mahana, nā waiwai lepo, nā ʻano fiber, a me ke ʻano o ka lole.

① ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā Surfactants: ʻO nā micelles i hana ʻia e nā surfactants he hana koʻikoʻi i ka holoi ʻana. Piʻi nui ka pono o ka holoi ʻana i ka wā e ʻoi aku ai ka ʻike ma mua o ka manaʻo micelle koʻikoʻi (CMC), no laila pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā mea holoi ma nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka CMC no ka holoi pono ʻana. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe ma luna o ka CMC, ʻaʻole pono.

② Ka hopena o ka Mahana: He hopena koʻikoʻi ka mahana i ka pono hoʻomaʻemaʻe. ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka wela kiʻekiʻe i ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo; akā naʻe, hiki i ka wela nui ke loaʻa nā hopena ʻino. ʻO ka hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻana i ka wela ke kōkua i ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ka lepo a hiki nō hoʻi ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka lepo ʻaila. Eia naʻe, i loko o nā lole i ulana paʻa ʻia, hiki i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka mahana e pehu ai nā fibers hiki ke hōʻemi me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia ka pono o ka wehe ʻana.

Hoʻopili pū ka loli ʻana o ka mahana i ka solubility surfactant, CMC, a me nā helu micelle, no laila ke hoʻololi nei i ka pono hoʻomaʻemaʻe. No ka nui o nā surfactants kaulahao lōʻihi, hoʻemi nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka solubility, i kekahi manawa ma lalo o kā lākou CMC ponoʻī; no laila, pono paha ka hoʻomehana kūpono no ka hana maikaʻi loa. ʻOkoʻa ka hopena o ka wela ma CMC a me nā micelles no nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ionic versus nonionic: ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mahana e hoʻokiʻekiʻe maʻamau i ka CMC o nā surfactants ionic, no laila e koi ana i nā hoʻololi ʻana.

③ Foam: Aia kekahi manaʻo kuhihewa e hoʻopili ana i ka hiki ke hoʻohuhū me ka maikaʻi o ka holoi ʻana—ʻaʻole like ka nui o ka huʻa i ka holoi ʻana. Hōʻike nā hōʻike empirical e hiki ke hana like nā detergents haʻahaʻa. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka huʻa ke kōkua i ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo ma kekahi mau hana, e like me ka holoi kīʻaha, kahi e hoʻoneʻe ai i ka momona a i ʻole ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ke kapena, kahi e hāpai ai i ka lepo. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o ka huʻu i ka hana ʻana o nā detergents; Hiki i ka ʻaila nui ke keʻakeʻa i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka huʻa, ʻoiai ka emi ʻana o ka huʻa e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka detergent.

④ ʻAno Fiber a me Textile Properties: Ma waho aʻe o ka hana kemika, ʻo ke ʻano a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā fibers e hoʻopili i ka pili lepo a me ka paʻakikī. ʻO nā pulupulu me nā hale ʻalaʻala a palahalaha paha, e like me ka hulu hipa a i ʻole ka pulupulu, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka pahele i ka lepo ma mua o nā fiber palani. Hiki i nā lole i ulana ʻia i ka wā mua ke pale i ka hōʻiliʻili lepo akā hiki ke keʻakeʻa i ka holoi pono ʻana ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ke komo ʻana i ka lepo paʻa.

⑤ Paʻakiki o ka wai: ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, a me nā iona metala ʻē aʻe e hoʻopilikia nui i nā hopena holoi, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā surfactants anionic, hiki ke hana i nā paʻakai hiki ʻole ke hoʻemi i ka pono o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe. I loko o ka wai paʻakikī me ka ʻike ʻana o ka surfactant kūpono, hāʻule ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka wai distilled. No ka hana ʻana o ka surfactant maikaʻi loa, pono e hoʻemi ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o Ca²⁺ ma lalo o 1 × 10⁻⁶ mol/L (CaCO₃ ma lalo o 0.1 mg/L), pono pinepine e hoʻokomo i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai i loko o nā ʻano mea holoi.


Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-05-2024