Papa o na mea no keia 'atikala:
1. Hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻakika Amino
2. Nā waiwai hale
3. Hoʻohui kemika
4.Ka hoʻokaʻawale
5. Hoʻohui
6. Nā waiwai kino kemika
7. Kaʻawaʻawa
8. Hana antimicrobial
9. Nā waiwai Rheological
10. ʻO nā noi i ka ʻoihana hoʻonaninani
11. Hoʻohana i nā mea hoʻonaninani i kēlā me kēia lā
ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe waiʻuma amino (AAS)he papa o nā surfactants i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hui ʻana i nā pūʻulu hydrophobic me hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha nā Amino Acids. I kēia hihia, hiki i ka Amino Acids ke synthetic a i loaʻa mai i nā hydrolysates protein a i ʻole nā punawai hoʻololi like. Hoʻopili kēia pepa i nā kikoʻī o ka hapa nui o nā ala synthetic i loaʻa no AAS a me ka hopena o nā ala like ʻole i nā waiwai physicochemical o nā huahana hopena, me ka solubility, dispersion stability, toxicity a me biodegradability. Ma ke ʻano he papa o nā surfactants i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka noi, ʻo ka versatility o AAS ma muli o kā lākou ʻano hoʻololi e hāʻawi i ka nui o nā manawa kūʻai.
Ma muli o ka hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻana o nā surfactants i nā detergents, emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, tertiary oil recovery and pharmaceuticals, ʻaʻole i pau nā mea noiʻi i ka nānā ʻana i nā surfactants.
ʻO nā surfactants nā huahana kemika i hoʻopau nui ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā a puni ka honua a ua loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke kaiaola wai.Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina i ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o nā surfactant maʻamau i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke kaiapuni.
I kēia lā, ʻaʻohe mea ʻawaʻawa, biodegradability a me ka biocompatibility i mea nui i nā mea kūʻai aku e like me ka pono a me ka hana o nā surfactants.
ʻO nā biosurfactants he mau surfactant hoʻomau kaiapuni i hoʻohui maoli ʻia e nā microorganism e like me ka bacteria, fungi, a me ka hū, a i hūnā ʻia ma ke ʻano extracellularly.No laila, hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā biosurfactants e ka hoʻolālā molekula e hoʻohālike i nā hale amphiphilic kūlohelohe, e like me nā phospholipids, alkyl glycosides a me acyl Amino Acids.
ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe waiʻuma amino (AAS)ʻo ia kekahi o nā surfactants maʻamau, i hana pinepine ʻia mai nā holoholona a i ʻole nā mea mahiʻai. I nā makahiki he ʻelua i hala iho nei, ua hoihoi nui ʻia ʻo AAS mai ka poʻe ʻepekema ma ke ʻano he surfactants novel, ʻaʻole wale no ka mea hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia mai nā kumuwaiwai hou, akā no ka mea hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ʻo AAS a loaʻa i nā huahana pōʻino ʻole, ʻoi aku ka palekana no ka kaiapuni.
Hiki ke ho'ākāka 'ia ka AAS ma ke 'ano he papa o nā surfactants i loa'a nā Amino Acid i loa'a nā pū'ulu Amino Acid (HO 2 C-CHR-NH 2) a i 'ole nā koena Amino Acid (HO 2 C-CHR-NH-). ʻO nā ʻāpana hana ʻelua o nā Amino Acids e ʻae i ka hoʻopuka ʻana o nā ʻano surfactants. ʻO ka huina o 20 Proteinogenic Amino Acids i ʻike ʻia i ke ʻano o ke ʻano a nona ke kuleana no nā hopena physiological āpau i ka ulu a me nā hana ola. 'Oko'a ia mau mea mai kekahi i kekahi wale no e like me ke koena R (Figure 1, pk a ka logarithm ino o ka waikiki dissociation mau o ka solution). He polar a me ka hydrophobic kekahi, he polar a me ka hydrophilic kekahi, he kumu a he waika kekahi.
No ka mea he mau mea hoʻohui hou ʻia nā Amino Acids, hiki i nā surfactants synthesized mai Amino Acids ke kiʻekiʻe loa e lilo i mea hoʻomau a pili i ke kaiapuni. ʻO ka maʻalahi a me ke ʻano kūlohelohe, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka biodegradability wikiwiki e hoʻonui pinepine iā lākou ma mua o nā surfactants maʻamau. Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea waiwai hou (e laʻa me Amino Acids a me nā aila meaʻai), hiki ke hana ʻia ka AAS e nā ala biotechnological like ʻole a me nā ala kemika.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, ua ʻike mua ʻia nā Amino Acids e hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he substrate no ka synthesis o surfactants.Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo AAS ma ke ʻano he preservatives i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā mea hoʻonaninani.Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo AAS i ka biologically active e kūʻē i nā ʻano bacteria e hoʻoulu ai i ka maʻi, nā maʻi koko, a me nā maʻi. I ka makahiki 1988, ka loaʻa ʻana o ka AAS kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa i hana i ka hoihoi noiʻi i ka hana ʻili. I kēia lā, me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka biotechnology, hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia kekahi mau Amino Acids ma ke ʻano pāʻoihana ma ke ʻano nui e ka hū, ka mea i hōʻike ʻole ʻia e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana AAS.
01 Hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻakika Amino
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 19, i ka wā i ʻike mua ʻia ai nā Amino Acids maoli, ua wānana ʻia ko lākou mau hale e waiwai nui loa - hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he kumu no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā amphiphiles. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka haʻawina mua e pili ana i ka synthesis o AAS e Bondi i ka makahiki 1909.
I loko o kēlā haʻawina, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo N-acylglycine a me N-acylalanine ma ke ʻano he pūʻulu hydrophilic no nā surfactants. ʻO ka hana ma hope e pili ana i ka synthesis o lipoAmino Acids (AAS) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka glycine a me ka alanine, a me Henrich et al. hoʻopuka i kahi pūʻulu o nā ʻike,me ka palapala hoʻopaʻa inoa mua, ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā paʻakai acyl sarcosinate a me nā paʻakai acyl aspartate ma ke ʻano he surfactants i nā huahana hoʻomaʻemaʻe hale (e laʻa me nā shampoos, nā mea holoi a me nā niho niho).Ma hope mai, nui nā mea noiʻi i noiʻi i ka synthesis a me nā waiwai physicochemical o acyl Amino Acids. I kēia lā, ua paʻi ʻia kahi nui o nā palapala e pili ana i ka synthesis, nā waiwai, nā noi ʻoihana a me ka biodegradability o AAS.
02 Na Waiwai
ʻO nā kaulahao momona hydrophobic non-polar o AAS hiki ke ʻokoʻa i ke ʻano, ka lōʻihi o ke kaulahao a me ka helu.ʻO ka ʻokoʻa a me ka hana ʻili kiʻekiʻe o AAS e wehewehe i ko lākou ʻano like ʻole a me nā waiwai physicochemical a me nā mea olaola. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā hui poʻo o AAS i nā Amino Acids a i ʻole peptides. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa o nā hui poʻo e hoʻoholo i ka adsorption, aggregation a me ka hana biological o kēia mau surfactants. ʻO nā pūʻulu hana ma ka pūʻulu poʻo e hoʻoholo i ke ʻano o ka AAS, me ka cationic, anionic, nonionic, a me amphoteric. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā waikawa amino hydrophilic a me nā ʻāpana kaulahao lōʻihi hydrophobic e hana i kahi ʻano amphiphilic e hoʻoikaika nui ai ka mole. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hele ʻana o nā ʻātoma kalapona asymmetric i loko o ka mole e kōkua i ka hana ʻana i nā molekala chiral.
03 Ka Hui Kimia
ʻO nā Peptides a me nā Polypeptides nā huahana Polymerization o kēia mau mea kokoke i 20 α-Proteinogenic α-Amino Acids. Loaʻa nā 20 α-Amino Acids i kahi hui hana carboxylic acid (-COOH) a me kahi pūʻulu hana amino (-NH 2), i hoʻopili ʻia ʻelua i ka tetrahedral α-carbon atom hoʻokahi. ʻOkoʻa nā amino acids mai kekahi i kekahi e nā pūʻulu R like ʻole i hoʻopili ʻia i ka α-carbon (koe wale nō ka lycine, kahi o ka pūʻulu R he hydrogen.) ʻokoʻa paha nā pūʻulu R i ke ʻano, ka nui a me ka uku (acidity, alkalinity). Hoʻoholo kēia mau ʻokoʻa i ka solubility o nā Amino Acids i ka wai.
ʻO nā ʻakika Amino he chiral (koe wale nō ka glycine) a he ʻano hana ma ke ʻano no ka mea he ʻehā mau mea pani i hoʻopili ʻia i ke kalapona alpha. Loaʻa i nā ʻakika Amino ʻelua conformations; he mau kiʻi aniani non-overlapping kekahi i kekahi, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o nā L-stereoisomers. ʻO ka pūʻulu R i loko o kekahi mau Amino Acids (Phenylalanine, Tyrosine a me Tryptophan) he aryl, e alakaʻi ana i ka absorption UV kiʻekiʻe ma 280 nm. Hiki i ka α-COOH acidic a me ka α-NH 2 kumu i loko o nā ʻAmino Acids ke hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale, a ʻo nā stereoisomers ʻelua, ʻo ia hoʻi, e kūkulu i ka equilibrium ionization i hōʻike ʻia ma lalo nei.
R-COOH ↔R-COO－＋H＋
R-NH3＋↔R-NH2＋H＋
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka equilibrium ionization ma luna, aia nā ʻakika amino ma lalo o ʻelua mau pūʻulu ʻakika nāwaliwali; akā naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻakika o ka hui carboxyl i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka pūʻulu amino protonated. pH 7.4, hoʻopau ʻia ka pūʻulu carboxyl a ʻo ka pūʻulu amino e protonated. ʻO nā ʻakika amino me nā pūʻulu R non-ionizable ʻaʻole kūʻokoʻa i kēia pH a lilo i zwitterion.
04 Hoʻokaʻawale
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo AAS e like me nā pae ʻehā, i wehewehe ʻia ma lalo nei.
4.1 E like me ke kumu
| Wahi a ke kumu, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo AAS i 2 mau ʻāpana penei. ① Māhele Kūlohelohe ʻO kekahi mau pūhui kūlohelohe i loaʻa nā amino acids ka hiki ke hōʻemi i ka ʻili o ka ʻili a me ka ʻili, a ʻoi aku kekahi i ka pono o glycolipids. Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau AAS he lipopeptides. ʻO nā lipopeptides nā pūhui paona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, i hana pinepine ʻia e nā ʻano Bacillus.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēlā mau AAS i 3 subclasses:surfactin, iturin a me fengycin.
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| Hoʻopili ka ʻohana o nā peptides surface-active i nā ʻano heptapeptide o nā ʻano mea like ʻole,e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 2a, kahi i hoʻopili ʻia ai kahi kaulahao ʻakika momona C12-C16 unsaturated β-hydroxy fatty acid i ka peptide. ʻO ka peptide-active peptide he macrocyclic lactone kahi i pani ʻia ai ke apo e ka catalysis ma waena o ka C-terminus o ka β-hydroxy fatty acid a me ka peptide. I loko o ka papa haʻahaʻa o iturin, aia nā ʻano ʻokoʻa nui ʻeono, ʻo ia ka iturin A a me C, mycosubtilin a me bacillomycin D, F a me L.I nā hihia a pau, pili nā heptapeptides i nā kaulahao C14-C17 o β-amino fatty acids (hiki ke ʻokoʻa nā kaulahao). I ka hihia o nā ekurimycins, hiki i ka pūʻulu amino ma ke kūlana β ke hana i kahi paʻa amide me ka C-terminus e hana i kahi ʻano macrocyclic lactam.
Aia i loko o ka subclass fengycin fengycin A a me B, i kapa ʻia ʻo plistatin ke hoʻonohonoho ʻia ʻo Tyr9 D-configured.Hoʻopili ʻia ka decapeptide i kahi kaulahao β-hydroxy fatty acid C14 -C18 saturated a unsaturated. Ma ke ʻano, he lactone macrocyclic hoʻi ka plistatin, aia kahi kaulahao ʻaoʻao Tyr ma ke kūlana 3 o ke kaʻina peptide a hoʻokumu i kahi paʻa ester me ke koena C-terminal, no laila e hana ana i kahi ʻano apo i loko (e like me ka nui o nā lipopeptides Pseudomonas).
② Māhele Synthetic Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ka AAS ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi o nā waikawa amino acidic, basic a neutral. ʻO nā waikawa amino maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no ka synthesis o AAS he glutamic acid, serine, proline, aspartic acid, glycine, arginine, alanine, leucine, a me nā hydrolysates protein. Hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia kēia subclass o nā surfactants e nā ʻano kemika, enzymatic, a chemoenzymatic; akā naʻe, no ka hana ʻana o AAS, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻohuihui kemika. ʻO nā laʻana maʻamau ka N-lauroyl-L-glutamic acid a me ka N-palmitoyl-L-glutamic acid.
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4.2 Ma muli o nā mea pani aliphatic kaulahao
Ma muli o ke kaulahao aliphatic substituent, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā surfactants i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka waikawa amino i 2 mau ʻano.
E like me ke kūlana o ka mea pani
| ①N-i pani ʻia AAS I loko o nā pūhui N-substituted, ua hoʻololi ʻia kahi hui amino e kahi hui lipophilic a i ʻole kahi hui carboxyl, e hopena i ka nalowale o ke kumu. ʻO ka laʻana maʻalahi loa o N-substituted AAS he N-acyl amino acids, ʻo ia hoʻi nā surfactants anionic. N-substituted AAS loaʻa kahi paʻa amide i hoʻopili ʻia ma waena o nā ʻāpana hydrophobic a me ka hydrophilic. Hiki i ka paʻa amide ke hana i kahi paʻa hydrogen, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o kēia surfactant i loko o kahi kaona acidic, no laila e hiki ai ke biodegradable.
②C-i pani ʻia AAS I loko o nā pūhui C-substituted, hiki ke hoʻololi i ka hui carboxyl (ma o ka amide a i ʻole ester bond). ʻO nā pūhui C-substituted maʻamau (e laʻa me nā esters a i ʻole amides) he mau surfactants cationic maoli.
③N- a me AAS i pani ʻia e C Ma kēia ʻano surfactant, ʻo nā pūʻulu amino a me ka carboxyl ka ʻāpana hydrophilic. ʻO kēia ʻano he surfactant amphoteric. |
4.3 E like me ka helu o nā huelo hydrophobic
Ma muli o ka helu o nā hui poʻo a me nā huelo hydrophobic, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo AAS i ʻehā mau pūʻulu. AAS kaulahao pololei, Gemini (dimer) ʻano AAS, Glycerolipid ʻano AAS, a bicephalic amphiphilic (Bola) ʻano AAS. ʻO nā surfactants kaulahao pololei nā surfactants i loaʻa nā ʻakika amino me hoʻokahi huelo hydrophobic wale nō (Figure 3). Loaʻa iā Gemini type AAS ʻelua hui polar polar amino acid a ʻelua huelo hydrophobic no kēlā me kēia mole (Figure 4). Ma kēia ʻano hana, ua hoʻopili ʻia nā kaulahao pololei ʻelua e kahi spacer a no laila ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia nā dimer. Ma ka Glycerolipid type AAS, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ua hoʻopili ʻia nā huelo hydrophobic ʻelua i ka hui poʻo amino acid like. Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia mau surfactants e like me nā analogs o nā monoglycerides, diglycerides a me phospholipids, ʻoiai ma ka AAS ʻano ʻano Bola, ʻelua hui poʻo amino acid i hoʻopili ʻia e kahi huelo hydrophobic.
4.4 E like me ke ʻano o ka hui poʻo
①Cationic AAS
ʻO ka pūʻulu poʻo o kēia ʻano surfactant he uku kūpono. ʻO ka AAS cationic mua loa he ethyl cocoyl arginate, he pyrrolidone carboxylate. ʻO nā mea kūʻokoʻa a me nā ʻano like ʻole o kēia surfactant he mea pono ia i nā disinfectants, antimicrobial agents, antistatic agents, hair conditioners, a me ka mālie i nā maka a me ka ʻili a hiki ke biodegradable. Hoʻokumu ʻo Singare lāua ʻo Mhatre i ka arginine-based cationic AAS a loiloi i kā lākou mau waiwai physicochemical. I loko o kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua ʻōlelo lākou i nā hua kiʻekiʻe o nā huahana i loaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kūlana pane ʻo Schotten-Baumann. Me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ke kaulahao alkyl a me ka hydrophobicity, ua ʻike ʻia ka piʻi ʻana o ka hana ʻili o ka surfactant a ua emi ka Critical Micelle Concentration (cmc). ʻO kekahi ʻo ka quaternary acyl protein, ka mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he conditioner i nā huahana mālama lauoho.
②Anionic AAS
I loko o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe anionic, ʻo ka pūʻulu poʻo polar o ka surfactant ka uku ʻino. ʻO Sarcosine (CH 3 -NH-CH 2 -COOH, N-methylglycine), he amino acid i loaʻa mau i loko o ke kai a me nā hōkū kai, pili kemika me ka glycine (NH 2 -CH 2 -COOH,), he waikawa amino kumu i loaʻa. i loko o nā pūnaewele mammalian. -COOH,) pili kemika i ka glycine, ʻo ia ka waikawa amino kumu i loaʻa i loko o nā pūnana mammalian. ʻO Lauric acid, tetradecanoic acid, oleic acid a me kā lākou mau halides a me nā esters e hoʻohana mau ʻia e synthesize i nā surfactants sarcosinate. He maʻalahi ka Sarcosinates a no laila hoʻohana mau ʻia i ka waha, shampoos, spray shaving foams, sunscreens, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻili, a me nā mea hoʻonaninani ʻē aʻe.
ʻO nā AAS anionic ʻē aʻe i loaʻa i ke kālepa ʻo Amisoft CS-22 a me AmiliteGCK-12, ʻo ia nā inoa kālepa no ka sodium N-cocoyl-L-glutamate a me ka potassium N-cocoyl glycinate, kēlā me kēia. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo Amilite ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe, detergent, solubilizer, emulsifier a me dispersant, a he nui nā noi i nā mea hoʻonaninani, e like me nā shampoos, nā ʻauʻau ʻauʻau, nā holoi kino, nā niho, nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maka, nā kopa hoʻomaʻemaʻe, nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe lens a me nā surfactants hale. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Amisoft ma ke ʻano he ʻili maʻemaʻe a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe lauoho, ka mea nui i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maka a me ke kino, block synthetic detergents, nā huahana mālama kino, shampoos a me nā huahana mālama ʻili.
③zwitterionic a i ʻole amphoteric AAS
Loaʻa i nā surfactants Amphoteric nā wahi acidic a me nā pae kumu a no laila hiki ke hoʻololi i kā lākou uku ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka waiwai pH. I loko o ka media alkaline, hana lākou e like me nā surfactants anionic, ʻoiai i loko o nā wahi ʻawaʻawa ke ʻano lākou e like me nā surfactants cationic a ma nā media kūʻokoʻa e like me nā surfactants amphoteric. ʻO Lauryl lysine (LL) a me alkoxy (2-hydroxypropyl) arginine wale nō nā mea hoʻoheheʻe amphoteric i ʻike ʻia ma muli o nā waikawa amino. ʻO LL kahi huahana condensation o lysine a me lauric acid. Ma muli o kona ʻano amphoteric, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo LL i nā ʻano mea hoʻoheheʻe a pau, koe wale nō nā mea hoʻoheheʻe alkaline a ʻakika. Ma ke ʻano he pauka organik, ua hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻo LL i nā ʻili hydrophilic a me kahi coefficient haʻahaʻa o ka friction, hāʻawi i kēia surfactant maikaʻi loa lubricating hiki. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo LL i nā ʻili ʻili a me nā lauoho lauoho, a hoʻohana ʻia hoʻi ma ke ʻano he lubricant.
④Nonionic AAS
Hōʻike ʻia nā surfactants nonionic e nā pūʻulu poʻo polar me ka ʻole o nā kumu kūʻai. ewalu hou ethoxylated nonionic surfactants i hoomakaukauia e Al-Sabagh et al. mai ka aila-soluble α-amino acids. Ma kēia kaʻina hana, L-phenylalanine (LEP) a me L-leucine i esterified mua me ka hexadecanol, a ukali ʻia e ka amidation me ka palmitic acid e hāʻawi i ʻelua amides a me ʻelua esters o nā waikawa α-amino. ʻO nā amides a me nā esters a laila ua hana ʻia ka condensation me ka ethylene oxide no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ʻekolu phenylalanine derivatives me nā helu like ʻole o nā ʻāpana polyoxyethylene (40, 60 a me 100). Ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau AAS nonionic i loaʻa i ka detergency maikaʻi a me nā waiwai huʻa.
05 Hoʻohuihui
5.1 Alanui synthetic kumu
I ka AAS, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā hui hydrophobic i nā wahi amine a i ʻole carboxylic acid, a i ʻole ma o nā kaulahao ʻaoʻao o nā waikawa amino. Ma muli o kēia, loaʻa nā ala synthetic ʻehā, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 5.
Fig.5 Nā ala hoʻohui kumu o nā surfactants ma muli o ka waikawa amino
| Alanui 1. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā amine Amphiphilic ester e nā esterification reactions, ma ia hihia e loaʻa mau ai ka synthesis surfactant ma ka refluxing fatty alcohols a me nā amino acids i mua o kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe wai a me kahi catalyst acid. I kekahi mau hopena, hana ka sulfuric acid ma ke ʻano he catalyst a me ka mea hoʻoheheʻe wai.
Alanui 2. Hoʻopili ʻia nā amino acids me nā alkylamines e hana i nā paʻa amide, ka hopena i ka synthesis o amphiphilic amidoamines.
Alanui 3. Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻakika Amido ma ka hana ʻana i nā pūʻulu amino o nā waikawa amino me nā ʻakika Amido.
Alanui 4. Ua hana ʻia nā ʻakika amino alkyl kaulahao lōʻihi e ka hopena o nā hui amine me nā haloalkanes. |
5.2 Nā holomua i ka synthesis a me ka hana
5.2.1 Ka hoʻohuihui ʻana o ka ʻakika amino kaulahao hoʻokahi/peptide surfactants
N-acyl a i ʻole O-acyl amino acids a i ʻole peptides hiki ke synthesized e ka enzyme-catalyzed acylation o nā pūʻulu amine a hydroxyl me nā momona momona. ʻO ka hōʻike mua loa e pili ana i ka solvent-free lipase-catalyzed synthesis o ka amino acid amide a i ʻole methyl ester derivatives i hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Candida antarctica, me nā hua mai ka 25% a i ka 90% ma muli o ka amino acid. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Methyl ethyl ketone ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe i kekahi mau hopena. ʻO Vonderhagen et al. Ua wehewehe pū kekahi i ka lipase a me ka protease-catalyzed N-acylation reactions o nā amino acids, protein hydrolysates a/a i ʻole ko lākou mau mea i loaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hui ʻana o ka wai a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kūlohelohe (e laʻa, dimethylformamide/wai) a me ka methyl butyl ketone.
I nā lā mua, ʻo ka pilikia nui me ka enzyme-catalyzed synthesis o AAS ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Wahi a Valivety et al. ʻo ka hua o N-tetradecanoyl amino acid derivatives he 2% -10% wale nō ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lipases like ʻole a me ka incubating ma 70 ° C no nā lā he nui. ʻO Montet et al. Ua loaʻa pū kekahi pilikia e pili ana i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā amino acids i ka synthesis o N-acyl lysine me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā waikawa momona a me nā aila meaʻai. Wahi a lākou, ʻo 19% ka hopena kiʻekiʻe o ka huahana ma lalo o nā kūlana solvent-free a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā solvents organik. ua loaʻa ka pilikia like e Valivety et al. i ka synthesis o N-Cbz-L-lysine a i ʻole N-Cbz-lysine methyl ester derivatives.
Ma kēia haʻawina, ua ʻōlelo lākou he 80% ka hua o ka 3-O-tetradecanoyl-L-serine i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i ka serine N-protected ma ke ʻano he substrate a me Novozyme 435 ma ke ʻano he catalyst i loko o kahi kaiapuni hoʻoheheʻe ʻole. Ua aʻo ʻo Nagao lāua ʻo Kito i ka O-acylation o L-serine, L-homoserine, L-threonine a me L-tyrosine (LET) i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i ka lipase ʻO nā hopena o ka hopena (ua loaʻa ka lipase e Candida cylindracea a me Rhizopus delemar i loko o ka aqueous buffer medium) a ua hōʻike ʻia he haʻahaʻa loa nā hua o ka acylation o L-homoserine a me L-serine, ʻoiai ʻaʻohe acylation o L-threonine a me LET.
Ua kākoʻo nā mea noiʻi he nui i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā substrates maʻalahi a maʻalahi hoʻi no ka synthesis o AAS kumu kūʻai. Soo et al. ua ʻōlelo ʻo ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā surfactants ma muli o ka aila pāma e hana maikaʻi loa me ka lipoenzyme immobilized. Ua ʻike lākou e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hua ʻana o nā huahana ʻoiai ka hopena o ka manawa (6 mau lā). ʻO Gerova et al. ua noiʻi i ka synthesis a me ka hana ili o chiral N-palmitoyl AAS e pili ana i ka methionine, proline, leucine, threonine, phenylalanine a me phenylglycine i loko o ka hui cyclic/racemic. Ua wehewehe ʻo Pang lāua ʻo Chu i ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā monomers ma muli o ka waikawa amino a me nā monomers i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka waikawa dicarboxylic i loko o ka hopena Ua hoʻohui ʻia kahi pūʻulu o nā esters polyamide ma muli o ka waikona amino a biodegradable e nā hopena co-condensation i ka hopena.
Ua hōʻike ʻo Cantaeuzene lāua ʻo Guerreiro i ka esterification o nā pūʻulu carboxylic acid o Boc-Ala-OH a me Boc-Asp-OH me nā ʻawaʻawa aliphatic lōʻihi a me nā diols, me ka dichloromethane e like me ka solvent a me ka agarose 4B (Sepharose 4B) ma ke ʻano he catalyst. I loko o kēia noiʻi ʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena o Boc-Ala-OH me nā ʻona momona a hiki i 16 mau kalapona i nā hua maikaʻi (51%), ʻoiai no ka Boc-Asp-OH 6 a me 12 mau kalapona i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, me ka loaʻa ʻana o 63% [64]. ]. 99.9%) i nā hua mai ka 58% a hiki i ka 76%, i hoʻohui ʻia e ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā paʻa amide me nā ʻano alkylamines lōʻihi a i ʻole nā paʻa ester me nā mea momona momona e Cbz-Arg-OMe, kahi i hana ai ka papain ma ke ʻano he catalyst.
5.2.2 Ka hoʻohuihui ʻana o nā waikona amino/peptide surfactants
ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe gemini i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka amino acid he ʻelua mau molekole AAS kaulahao pololei i hoʻopili ʻia i ke poʻo i ke poʻo i kekahi i kekahi e kahi hui spacer. Aia he 2 mau papa hana no ka chemoenzymatic synthesis o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe waikona amino-type (Nā Kiʻi 6 a me 7). Ma ke Kiʻi 6, ua hoʻopili ʻia nā derivatives amino acid me ka pūhui ma ke ʻano he hui spacer a laila hoʻokomo ʻia nā pūʻulu hydrophobic 2. Ma ke Kiʻi 7, ua hoʻopili pololei ʻia nā hale kaulahao pololei ʻelua e kahi hui spacer bifunctional.
ʻO ka hoʻomohala mua loa o ka synthesis-catalyzed synthesis o nā waikawa lipoamino gemini i hoʻokumu ʻia e Valivety et al. ʻO Yoshimura et al. ua noiʻi i ka synthesis, adsorption a me ka hōʻuluʻulu o kahi amino acid-based gemini surfactant ma muli o cystine a me n-alkyl bromide. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā surfactant synthesized me nā surfactants monomeric pili. Faustino et al. ua wehewehe ʻia ka synthesis o ka anionic urea-based monomeric AAS e pili ana i ka L-cystine, D-cystine, DL-cystine, L-cysteine, L-methionine a me L-sulfoalanine a me kā lāua mau gemini ma o ka conductivity, equilibrium surface tension and steady. -ke kūlana fluorescence o lākou. Ua hōʻike ʻia he haʻahaʻa ka waiwai cmc o ka gemini ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka monomer a me ka gemini.
Fig.6 Synthesis o gemini AAS me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā derivatives AA a me spacer, ukali ʻia me ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka hui hydrophobic
Fig.7 Synthesis o Gemini AAS me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka spacer bifunctional a me AAS
5.2.3 Synthesis o glycerolipid amino acid/peptide surfactants
ʻO Glycerolipid amino acid/peptide surfactants he papa hou ia o nā waikawa amino lipid he mau mea hoʻohālikelike o ka glycerol mono- (a i ʻole di-) esters a me phospholipids, ma muli o ko lākou ʻano o hoʻokahi a ʻelua mau kaulahao momona me hoʻokahi amino acid i hoʻopili ʻia i ka iwi kuamoʻo glycerol. ma ka paa ester. Hoʻomaka ka hana ʻana o kēia mau surfactant me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā esters glycerol o nā ʻakika amino ma nā mahana kiʻekiʻe a ma ke alo o kahi catalyst acidic (e laʻa me BF 3). ʻO ka synthesis-catalyzed enzyme (hoʻohana i nā hydrolases, protease a me nā lipases ma ke ʻano he catalysts) he koho maikaʻi nō hoʻi (Figure 8).
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka synthesis enzyme-catalyzed o dilaurylated arginine glycerides conjugates me ka papain. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka diacylglycerol ester conjugates mai acetylarginine a me ka loiloi ʻana i kā lākou mau waiwai physicochemical.
Fig.8 Synthesis of mono and diacylglycerol amino acid conjugates
spacer: NH-(CH2)10-NH: pūhuiB1
spacer: NH-C6H4-NH: pūhuiB2
spacer: CH2-CH2: pūhuiB3
Fig.9 Hoʻohui ʻia o nā amphiphiles symmetric i loaʻa mai Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
5.2.4 Hoʻohui ʻia o nā ʻakika amino / peptide surfactants
Loaʻa i nā amphiphiles ʻano bola ʻano amino acid 2 mau ʻakika amino i hoʻopili ʻia i ke kaulahao hydrophobic like. ʻO Franceschi et al. Ua wehewehe ʻo ia i ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā amphiphiles ʻano bola me 2 amino acids (D- a i ʻole L-alanine a i ʻole L-histidine) a me 1 kaulahao alkyl o nā lōʻihi like ʻole a ua noiʻi i kā lākou hana ma luna. Kūkākūkā lākou i ka synthesis a me ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā amphiphiles ʻano ʻano bola me kahi hapa amino acid (me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waika β-amino maʻamau a i ʻole ka waiʻona) a me kahi hui spacer C12 -C20. ʻO nā β-amino acids i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia he aminoacid sugar, kahi amino acid i loaʻa i ka azidothymin (AZT), kahi amino amino norbornene, a me ka waiʻona amino i loaʻa mai ka AZT (Figure 9). ka hoʻohuihui ʻana o nā amphiphile ʻano bola like ʻole i loaʻa mai ka tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) (Figure 9).
06 Waiwai kikino
Ua ʻike ʻia he ʻano like ʻole nā amino acid based surfactants (AAS) i ke ʻano a me ka hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻana i nā noi he nui e like me ka solubilization maikaʻi, nā waiwai emulsification maikaʻi, kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ka hana hana a me ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka wai paʻakikī (ka ion calcium. hoʻomanawanui).
Ma muli o nā waiwai surfactant o nā ʻakika amino (e laʻa me ka haʻalulu o ka ʻili, ka cmc, ka ʻano hana a me ka mahana Krafft), ua loaʻa kēia mau hopena ma hope o nā noiʻi nui - ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka hana ʻili o ka AAS ma mua o kāna mea hoʻohālikelike surfactant maʻamau.
6.1 Ko'iko'i Micelle Concentrate (cmc)
ʻO ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi o ka micelle ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o nā surfactants a ke hoʻomalu nei i ka nui o nā mea hana o ka ʻili e like me ka solubilization, cell lysis a me kāna pilina me nā biofilms, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. i loko o ka waiwai cmc o ka hoʻonā surfactant, pēlā e hoʻonui ai i kāna hana ʻili. ʻO nā surfactants i hoʻokumu ʻia ma nā ʻakika amino maʻamau ka haʻahaʻa o ka cmc waiwai ma mua o nā surfactants maʻamau.
Ma o nā hui like ʻole o nā hui poʻo a me nā huelo hydrophobic (mono-cationic amide, bi-cationic amide, bi-cationic amide-based ester), Infante et al. synthesized ʻekolu arginine-based AAS a aʻo i kā lākou cmc a me γcmc (ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa o ka ʻili ma cmc), e hōʻike ana i ka emi ʻana o nā waiwai cmc a me γcmc me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka huelo hydrophobic. Ma kekahi noiʻi ʻē aʻe, ʻike ʻo Singare lāua ʻo Mhatre i ka emi ʻana o ka cmc o nā surfactants N-α-acylarginine me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka helu o nā ʻātoma kalapona huelo hydrophobic (Papa 1).
ʻO Yoshimura et al. ua noiʻi i ka cmc o ka cysteine i loaʻa i ka amino acid-based gemini surfactants a hōʻike i ka emi ʻana o ka cmc i ka wā i hoʻonui ʻia ai ka lōʻihi o ke kaulahao kalapona i loko o ke kaulahao hydrophobic mai 10 a i 12. ʻO ka hoʻonui hou ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ke kaulahao kalapona i 14 ka hopena i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka cmc, ka mea i hōʻoia i ka lōʻihi-chain gemini surfactants he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hōʻuluʻulu.
Faustino et al. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā micelles i hui pū ʻia i loko o nā wai wai o ka anionic Gemini surfactants ma muli o ka cystine. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe gemini me nā surfactants monomeric maʻamau (C 8 Cys). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā kumukūʻai cmc o nā hui ʻana o ka lipid-surfactant i haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā waiwai o nā surfactant maʻemaʻe. nā gemini surfactants a me 1,2-diheptanoyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphocholine, he phospholipid hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe wai, micelle-forming, he cmc i ka pae millimolar.
Ua noiʻi ʻo Shrestha lāua ʻo Aramaki i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā micelles e like me nā ilo viscoelastic i loko o nā wai wai o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe anionic-nonionic i hoʻohui ʻia i ka waikawa amino me ka loaʻa ʻole o nā paʻakai paʻakai. I loko o kēia haʻawina, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo N-dodecyl glutamate i kahi mahana Krafft kiʻekiʻe; akā naʻe, i ka wā i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai me ka waikawa amino kumu L-lysine, ua hana ʻo ia i nā micelles a hoʻomaka ka hopena e like me ka wai Newtonian ma 25 °C.
6.2 Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe wai
ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe wai maikaʻi o AAS ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea paʻa CO-NH hou. ʻO kēia ka mea i ʻoi aku ka biodegradable a me ka ʻoluʻolu o ka AAS ma mua o nā surfactants maʻamau. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻoheheʻe wai o N-acyl-L-glutamic acid ma muli o kāna mau hui carboxyl 2. Maikaʻi nō hoʻi ka hoʻoheheʻe wai o Cn(CA) 2 no ka mea aia he 2 ionic arginine pūʻulu i loko o 1 mole, e hopena i ka adsorption ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka hoʻopuehu ʻana ma ke kikowaena cell a hiki i ka pale ʻana i ka bacteria ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
6.3 Krafft wela a me Krafft kiko
Hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka mahana Krafft ma ke ʻano he ʻano hoʻoheheʻe kikoʻī o nā surfactants nona ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana e piʻi ʻoi aku ma luna o kahi wela. Hiki i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe Ionic ke hana i nā hydrates paʻa, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe i waho o ka wai. Ma kahi mahana kūikawā (ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Krafft temperature), ʻike pinepine ʻia ka piʻi ʻana o ka solubility o nā surfactant. ʻO ke kiko Krafft o kahi surfactant ionic kona mahana Krafft ma cmc.
ʻIke pinepine ʻia kēia ʻano solubility no nā surfactants ionic a hiki ke wehewehe penei: ʻo ka solubility o ka monomer manuahi surfactant ua kaupalena ʻia ma lalo o ka mahana Krafft a hiki i ka lae Krafft, kahi e piʻi mālie ai kona solubility ma muli o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā micelle. No ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻana i ka solubility piha, pono e hoʻomākaukau i nā formulations surfactant ma nā mahana ma luna o ke kiko Krafft.
Ua aʻo ʻia ka mahana Krafft o AAS a ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā surfactants synthetic maʻamau. Ua aʻo ʻo Shrestha lāua ʻo Aramaki i ka mahana Krafft o arginine-based AAS a ʻike ʻia ua hōʻike ʻia ka manaʻo micelle koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke ʻano o nā micelles ma mua o 2-5 × 10-6 mol-L -1 i ukali ʻia e ka micelle maʻamau (Ohta et al. synthesized ʻeono ʻano like ʻole o N-hexadecanoyl AAS a kūkākūkā i ka pilina ma waena o kā lākou Krafft wela a me nā koena amino acid.
I loko o nā hoʻokolohua, ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻonui ʻia ka mahana Krafft o N-hexadecanoyl AAS me ka emi ʻana o ka nui o nā koena amino acid (he ʻokoʻa ka phenylalanine), ʻoiai ka wela o ka solubility (heat uptake) me ka emi ʻana o ka nui o nā koena amino acid (me ka koe ka glycine a me ka phenylalanine). Ua hoʻoholoʻia ma nā pūnaewele alanine a me ka phenylalanine,ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka pilina DL ma mua o ka pilina LL ma keʻano paʻa o ka paʻakai N-hexadecanoyl AAS.
Brito et al. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia i ka mahana Krafft o ʻekolu pūʻulu o nā surfactants hoʻokumu ʻia i ka amino acid me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka microcalorimetry scanning differential a ʻike i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ion trifluoroacetate i ka ionide iodide ka hopena i ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka mahana Krafft (ma kahi o 6 °C), mai 47 °C a 53 °. C. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā paʻa cis-double a me ka unsaturation i loaʻa i loko o ka kaulahao lōʻihi Ser-derivatives alakaʻi i kahi emi nui o ka mahana Krafft. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo n-Dodecyl glutamate i kahi mahana Krafft kiʻekiʻe. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana me ka waikawa amino kumu L-lysine ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā micelles i ka hopena e hana like me nā wai Newtonian ma 25 °C.
6.4 ʻO ka ʻili o ka ʻili
ʻO ka ʻili o ka ʻili o nā surfactants pili i ka lōʻihi o ke kaulahao o ka ʻāpana hydrophobic. ʻO Zhang et al. ua hoʻoholo i ka manaʻo o ka ili o ka sodium cocoyl glycinate e Wilhelmy plate method (25±0.2) ° C a hoʻoholo i ka waiwai o ka ʻili o ka ʻili ma cmc e like me 33 mN-m -1, cmc me 0.21 mmol-L -1. ʻO Yoshimura et al. ua hoʻoholo i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻili o 2C n Cys ʻano amino acid ma muli o ka ʻili o ka ili o 2C n Cys-based surface active agents. Ua ʻike ʻia ua emi ka ʻili o ka ʻili ma cmc me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ke kaulahao (a hiki i ka n = 8), ʻoiai ua hoʻohuli ʻia ke ʻano no nā surfactants me n = 12 a i ʻole ka lōʻihi o ke kaulahao.
Ua aʻo pū ʻia ka hopena o CaC1 2 ma ka ʻili o ka ʻili o ka dicarboxylated amino acid-based surfactants. I loko o kēia mau haʻawina, ua hoʻohui ʻia ʻo CaC1 2 i nā haʻina wai o ʻekolu dicarboxylated amino acid-type surfactants (C12 MalNa 2, C12 AspNa 2, a me C12 GluNa 2). Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā koina pāpū ma hope o ke cmc a ua ʻike ʻia ua emi ka ʻili o ka ʻili ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa CaC1 2. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka hopena o nā ion calcium ma ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka surfactant ma ke kikowaena wai-ea. ka ili ili o na paakai o N-dodecylaminomalonate a me N-dodecylaspartate, ma kekahiʻaoʻao, ua kokoke mau a hiki i ka 10 mmol-L -1 CaC1 2 hoʻopaʻa 'ia. Ma luna o 10 mmol-L -1, piʻi nui ka haʻalulu o ka ʻili, ma muli o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ua o ka paʻakai calcium o ka surfactant. No ka paʻakai disodium o N-dodecyl glutamate, ʻo ka hoʻohui haʻahaʻa o CaC1 2 i hopena i ka hoʻemi nui ʻana o ka ʻili o ka ʻili, ʻoiai ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike CaC1 2 ʻaʻole i hoʻololi hou i nā loli nui.
No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā kinetics adsorption o ka gemini-type AAS ma ke kikowaena wai-ea, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ke ʻano o ka ʻili o ka ʻili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano puʻupuʻu kiʻekiʻe. Ua hōʻike nā hopena no ka manawa hoʻāʻo lōʻihi loa, ʻaʻole i loli ka 2C 12 Cys dynamic surface. ʻO ka emi ʻana o ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻili o ka ʻili wale nō e hilinaʻi ʻia ma ka ʻike, ka lōʻihi o nā huelo hydrophobic, a me ka helu o nā huelo hydrophobic. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka manaʻo o ka surfactant, ka emi ʻana o ka lōʻihi o ke kaulahao a me ka helu o nā kaulahao i hopena i ka pohō wikiwiki. ʻO nā hualoaʻa i loaʻa no nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o C n Cys (n = 8 a 12) ua ʻike ʻia ua kokoke loa i ka γ cmc i ana ʻia e ke ʻano Wilhelmy.
Ma kekahi noiʻi ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka ʻili o ka ʻili o ka sodium dilauryl cystine (SDLC) a me ka sodium didecamino cystine e ka Wilhelmy plate method, a ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka equilibrium surface tensions o kā lākou mau wai wai e ke ʻano o ka drop volume. Ua noiʻi hou ʻia ka hopena o nā paʻa disulfide e nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o mercaptoethanol i 0.1 mmol-L -1SDLC solution i alakaʻi i ka piʻi wikiwiki ʻana o ka ʻili o ka ʻili mai 34 mN-m -1 a i 53 mN-m -1. Ma muli o ka hiki i ka NaClO ke hoʻoheheʻe i nā paʻa disulfide o SDLC i nā pūʻulu ʻakika sulfonic, ʻaʻohe mea i ʻike ʻia i ka wā i hoʻohui ʻia ai ʻo NaClO (5 mmol-L -1) i ka solution 0.1 mmol-L -1 SDLC. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hualoaʻa hoʻopuehu uila uila ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia nā aggregates i loko o ka hopena. Uaʻikeʻia ka piʻiʻana o ka ili o SDLC mai 34 mN-m -1 a hiki i 60 mN-m -1 ma kahi o 20 min.
6.5 Nā pilina pili honua
I loko o ka ʻepekema ola, ua aʻo kekahi mau pūʻulu i nā waiwai vibrational o ka hui ʻana o ka cationic AAS (diacylglycerol arginine-based surfactants) a me nā phospholipids ma ke kinoea wai, me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kēia waiwai kūpono ʻole ke kumu i ka prevalence o nā pilina electrostatic.
6.6 Nā waiwai hui
Hoʻohana maʻamau ka hoʻopuehu ʻana i ka māmā no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā waiwai hoʻohui o nā monomers i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka waikawa amino a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe gemini ma nā koina ma luna o cmc, e hāʻawi ana i kahi anawaena hydrodynamic DH (= 2R H ). ʻO nā aggregates i hana ʻia e C n Cys a me 2Cn Cys he ʻano nui a he ākea ākea ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā surfactants ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā surfactants a pau koe ka 2C 12 Cys maʻamau i hoʻohui ʻia ma kahi o 10 nm. ʻoi aku ka nui o nā micelle o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe gemini ma mua o ko lākou mau mea monomeric. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ke kaulahao hydrocarbon e alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui micelle. ohta et al. i wehewehe i ka waiwai houluulu o ekolu stereoisomers okoa o N-dodecyl-phenyl-alanyl-phenyl-alanine tetramethylammonium i loko o ka wai hooluolu a ua hoike mai i na diastereoisomers i ka like koʻikoʻi aggregation kuʻina i loko o ka wai. Iwahashi et al. noiʻi ʻia e ka circular dichroism, NMR a me ka vapor pressure osmometry ka ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā aggregates chiral o N-dodecanoyl-L-glutamic acid, N-dodecanoyl-L-valine a me kā lākou methyl esters i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe like ʻole (e like me tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, 1,4 -dioxane a me 1,2-dichloroethane) me nā waiwai rotational i noiʻi ʻia e ka circular dichroism, NMR a me ka osmometry kaomi mahu.
6.7 Interfacial adsorption
ʻO ka adsorption interfacial o nā surfactants e pili ana i ka waikawa amino a me kona hoʻohālikelike ʻana me kāna hoa hana maʻamau kekahi o nā kuhikuhi noiʻi. No ka laʻana, ua noiʻi ʻia nā waiwai adsorption interfacial o nā dodecyl esters o nā waikawa amino aromatic i loaʻa mai LET a me LEP. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia ʻo LET a me LEP i nā wahi kikowaena haʻahaʻa ma ke kikowaena kinoea-wai a ma ka interface wai/hexane, kēlā me kēia.
ʻO Bordes et al. ua noiʻi i ka hana hoʻonā a me ka adsorption ma ke kinoea wai-wai o ʻekolu dicarboxylated amino acid surfactants, nā paʻakai disodium o dodecyl glutamate, dodecyl aspartate, a me aminomalonate (me 3, 2, a me 1 carbon atoms ma waena o nā hui carboxyl ʻelua). Wahi a kēia hōʻike, ʻo ka cmc o nā surfactant dicarboxylated he 4-5 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka paʻakai dodecyl glycine monocarboxylated. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā paʻa hydrogen ma waena o nā surfactants dicarboxylated a me nā molekole kokoke ma o nā hui amide i loko.
6.8 Hana pae
ʻIke ʻia nā ʻāpana cubic discontinuous isotropic no nā surfactants ma nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā molekala surfactant me nā pūʻulu poʻo nui loa e hana i nā hōʻuluʻulu o ka curvature maikaʻi liʻiliʻi. marques et al. ua aʻo i ke ʻano o ka pae o nā ʻōnaehana 12Lys12/12Ser a me 8Lys8/16Ser (e nānā i ke Kiʻi 10), a ua hōʻike nā hopena i ka ʻōnaehana 12Lys12/12Ser he wahi hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o nā ʻāpana micellar a me nā vesicular solution, aʻo ka ʻōnaehana 8Lys8/16Ser Hōʻike ka ʻōnaehana 8Lys8/16Ser i ka hoʻololi mau ʻana (ka ʻāpana micellar elongated ma waena o ka māhele micellar liʻiliʻi a me ka ʻāpana vesicle phase). Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia no ka ʻāpana vesicle o ka ʻōnaehana 12Lys12/12Ser, noho mau nā vesicle me nā micelles, aʻo ka ʻāpana vesicle o ka ʻōnaehana 8Lys8/16Ser he mau vesicles wale nō.
Nā huila Catanionic o ka lysine- a me ka serine-based surfactants: like like 12Lys12/12Ser pair(hema) and asymmetric 8Lys8/16Ser pair (akau)
6.9 Emulsifying hiki
Kouchi et al. ua nānā i ka emulsifying hiki, interfacial tension, dispersibility, a me ka viscosity o N-[3-dodecyl-2-hydroxypropyl]-L-arginine, L-glutamate, a me kekahi AAS. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā surfactants synthetic (ʻo kā lākou mau mea nonionic a amphoteric maʻamau), ua hōʻike nā hopena i ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka emulsifying o AAS ma mua o nā surfactants maʻamau.
Baczko et al. i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe amino acid anionic hou a noiʻi i ko lākou kūpono e like me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kiʻi kiʻi NMR spectroscopy. Ua hoʻohui ʻia kekahi pūʻulu o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe amphiphilic L-Phe a i ʻole L-Ala me nā huelo hydrophobic like ʻole (pentyl~tetradecyl) ma o ka hana ʻana i nā waikawa amino me ka o-sulfobenzoic anhydride. ʻO Wu et al. nā paʻakai sodium synthesized o N-fatty acyl AAS a meua noiʻi i kā lākou emulsification hiki i ka aila-i-wai emulsions, a ua hōʻike nā hualoaʻa i kēia mau surfactants hana maikaʻi me ka ethyl acetate ma ke ano o ka aila ma mua o ka n-hexane ma ke ano o ka aila.
6.10 Nā holomua i ka synthesis a me ka hana ʻana
Hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ke kūpaʻa wai paʻa e like me ka hiki o nā surfactants ke kūʻē i ke kū ʻana o nā ion e like me ka calcium a me ka magnesium i loko o ka wai paʻakikī, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hiki ke pale i ka ua i loko o nā kopa calcium. ʻO nā surfactants me ke kūpaʻa wai paʻa kiʻekiʻe he mea maikaʻi loa ia no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka detergent a me nā huahana mālama pilikino. Hiki ke loiloi ʻia ke kūpaʻa wai paʻa ma ka helu ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka solubility a me ka hana ʻili o ka surfactant i mua o nā ion calcium.
ʻO ke ala ʻē aʻe e loiloi ai i ke kūpaʻa wai paʻakikī, ʻo ia ka helu ʻana i ka pākēneka a i ʻole kalama o ka surfactant i koi ʻia no ke kopa calcium i hana ʻia mai ka 100 g o ka sodium oleate e hoʻopuehu ʻia i ka wai. Ma nā wahi me ka wai paʻa kiʻekiʻe, hiki i ka nui o ka calcium a me ka magnesium ions a me ka ʻike mineral ke paʻakikī i kekahi mau noi kūpono. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka ion sodium ma ke ʻano he counter ion o kahi surfactant anionic synthetic. Ma muli o ka paʻa ʻana o ka ion calcium divalent i nā molekole surfactant ʻelua, hiki i ka surfactant ke hoʻoheheʻe maʻalahi mai ka hoʻonā e hoʻemi ʻole i ka detergency.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ke aʻo ʻana i ke kūpaʻa wai paʻa o AAS ua hoʻoikaika nui ʻia ka ʻakika a me ka wai paʻakikī e kahi hui carboxyl hou aʻe, a ua hoʻonui hou ʻia ke kūpaʻa wai a me ka wai paʻakikī me ka piʻi ʻana o ka lōʻihi o ka hui spacer ma waena o nā hui carboxyl ʻelua. . ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻakika a me ka wai paʻakikī ka C 12 glycinate < C 12 aspartate < C 12 glutamate. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka paʻa amide dicarboxylated a me ka surfactant amino dicarboxylated, ua ʻike ʻia ua ʻoi aku ka laulā o ka pae pH o ka hope a ua hoʻonui ʻia kāna hana ma luna me ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi nui kūpono o ka waikawa. Ua hōʻike ka dicarboxylated N-alkyl amino acids i ka hopena chelating ma ke alo o nā ion calcium, a ʻo C 12 aspartate i hana i ka gel keʻokeʻo. Ua hōʻike ka c 12 glutamate i ka hana ʻili kiʻekiʻe ma ke kiʻekiʻe ʻo Ca 2+ a manaʻo ʻia e hoʻohana ʻia i ka desalination wai kai.
6.11 Hoʻopuehu
ʻO ka dispersibility e pili ana i ka hiki o kahi surfactant ke pale i ka coalescence a me ka sedimentation o ka surfactant i ka hoʻonā.ʻO ka dispersibility kahi waiwai koʻikoʻi o nā surfactants i kūpono iā lākou no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea holoi, mea hoʻonaninani a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau.Pono e loaʻa i kahi mea hoʻopuehu kahi ester, ether, amide a i ʻole amino paʻa ma waena o ka pūʻulu hydrophobic a me ka pūʻulu hydrophilic terminal (a i ʻole ma waena o nā hui hydrophobic kaulahao pololei).
ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā surfactants anionic e like me alkanolamido sulfates a me amphoteric surfactants e like me amidosulfobetaine e like me nā mea hoʻopuehu no nā kopa calcium.
Ua hoʻoholo ka nui o nā hana noiʻi i ka dispersibility o AAS, kahi i ʻike ʻia ai ʻo N-lauroyl lysine i kūpono ʻole i ka wai a paʻakikī hoʻi e hoʻohana no nā mea hoʻonaninani.Ma kēia pūʻulu, N-acyl-substituted basic amino acids i hoʻopuehu maikaʻi ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka ʻoihana hoʻonaninani e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā ʻano.
07 Ka ʻona
ʻO nā surfactants maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā surfactant cationic, he mea ʻawaʻawa loa i nā mea ola wai. ʻO kā lākou mea ʻawaʻawa ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka adsorption-ion o nā surfactants ma ke kikowaena wai-cell. ʻO ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka cmc o nā surfactants e alakaʻi maʻamau i ka adsorption interfacial ikaika aʻe o nā surfactants, ka mea maʻamau ka hopena i ko lākou ʻawaʻawa kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ke kaulahao hydrophobic o nā surfactants ke alakaʻi nei i ka piʻi ʻana o ka surfactant acute toxicity.ʻO ka hapa nui o ka AAS he haʻahaʻa a ʻaʻole ʻona paha i nā kānaka a me ke kaiapuni (ʻoi loa i nā mea ola kai) a kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana i meaʻai, nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā mea hoʻonaninani.Ua hōʻike ka nui o nā mea noiʻi i nā surfactants amino acid he palupalu a ʻaʻole hoʻonāukiuki i ka ʻili. Ua ʻike ʻia nā surfactant e pili ana i ka arginine he mea ʻawaʻawa loa ma mua o ko lākou mau mea maʻamau.
Brito et al. ua aʻo i nā waiwai physicochemical a me nā mea ʻawaʻawa o nā amphiphiles i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka waikawa amino a me kā lākou [derivatives mai tyrosine (Tyr), hydroxyproline (Hyp), serine (Ser) a me lysine (Lys)] ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā vesicles cationic a hāʻawi i ka ʻikepili i ko lākou ʻona nui. Daphnia magna (IC 50). Ua hana lākou i nā vesicles cationic o dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB)/Lys-derivatives a me / a i ʻole Ser-/Lys-derivative hui ʻia a hoʻāʻo i ko lākou ecotoxicity a me ka hemolytic hiki, e hōʻike ana i nā AAS āpau a me kā lākou vesicles-containing mixtures ua emi ka mea ʻona ma mua o ka surfactant DTAB maʻamau. .
ʻO Rosa et al. ua noiʻi i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana (hui) o DNA i nā vesicles cationic hoʻokumu i ka amino acid. ʻAʻole e like me nā surfactants cationic maʻamau, i ʻike pinepine ʻia he mea ʻawaʻawa, ʻike ʻia ka pilina o nā surfactants amino acid cationic he mea make ʻole. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka cationic AAS ma luna o ka arginine, ka mea i hana maʻalahi i nā vesicle paʻa i hui pū ʻia me kekahi mau mea hoʻoheheʻe anionic. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā mea hoʻopaʻapaʻa hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo amino acid he mea ʻawaʻawa ʻole. Hoʻopili maʻalahi kēia mau surfactants me ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe (a hiki i 99%), ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, hiki ke biodegradable, a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka media wai. Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau haʻawina ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā surfactants amino acid i loko o ka sulfur i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.
Ma kahi noiʻi hou, Perinelli et al. Ua hōʻike ʻo ia i kahi ʻano toxicological maikaʻi o nā rhamnolipids i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā surfactants maʻamau. ʻIke ʻia ʻo Rhamnolipids e hana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻonui permeability. Ua hōʻike pū lākou i ka hopena o nā rhamnolipids i ka epithelial permeability o nā lāʻau macromolecular.
08 Ka hana antimicrobial
Hiki ke loiloi ʻia ka hana antimicrobial o nā surfactants e ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Ua aʻo nui ʻia ka hana antimicrobial o nā surfactant-based arginine. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka maʻi bacteria Gram-negative i ʻoi aku ke kūpaʻa i nā surfactant-based arginine ma mua o ka bacteria Gram-positive. Hoʻonui pinepine ʻia ka hana antimicrobial o nā surfactants ma ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea paʻa hydroxyl, cyclopropane a i ʻole unsaturated i loko o nā kaulahao acyl. ʻO Castillo et al. ua hōʻike i ka lōʻihi o nā kaulahao acyl a me ka uku maikaʻi e hoʻoholo i ka waiwai HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) o ka mole, a he hopena kēia i ko lākou hiki ke hoʻopau i nā membrane. ʻO Nα-acylarginine methyl ester kekahi papa koʻikoʻi o nā surfactants cationic me ka hana antimicrobial ākea ākea a hiki ke biodegradable a he haʻahaʻa a ʻaʻohe mea ʻona. Nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka pilina o Nα-acylarginine methyl ester-based surfactants me 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-propyltrioxyl-3-phosphorylcholine a me 1,2-ditetradecanoyl-sn-propyltrioxyl-3-phosphorylcholine, nā membrane model, a me nā mea ola i loko. ua hōʻike ʻia ka hele ʻana a i ʻole ka ʻole o nā pale o waho i kēia papa o nā surfactants he antimicrobial maikaʻi.
09 Nā waiwai Rheological
ʻO nā waiwai rheological o nā surfactants he mea koʻikoʻi loa i ka hoʻoholo ʻana a me ka wānana ʻana i kā lākou noi ma nā ʻoihana like ʻole, me ka meaʻai, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, ka ʻaila ʻaila, ka mālama pilikino a me nā huahana mālama home. Nui nā haʻawina i mālama ʻia e kūkākūkā i ka pilina ma waena o ka viscoelasticity o nā surfactants amino acid a me cmc.
10 Nā noi i ka ʻoihana hoʻonaninani
Hoʻohana ʻia ka AAS i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana mālama pilikino.ʻIke ʻia ka potassium N-cocoyl glycinate he palupalu i ka ʻili a hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maka e wehe i ka sludge a me ka make-up. ʻElua pūʻulu carboxyl ka n-Acyl-L-glutamic acid, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai. Ma waena o kēia mau AAS, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo AAS i hoʻokumu ʻia ma C 12 fatty acids i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maka e wehe i ka sludge a me ka make-up. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo AAS me kahi kaulahao C 18 e like me nā emulsifiers i nā huahana mālama ʻili, a ua ʻike ʻia nā paʻakai N-Lauryl alanine e hana i nā huʻu momona ʻaʻole i hoʻonāukiuki i ka ʻili a no laila hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā huahana mālama pēpē. ʻO N-Lauryl-based AAS i hoʻohana ʻia i ka toothpaste he detergency maikaʻi e like me ke kopa a me ka ikaika e hoʻopaʻa i ka enzyme.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ke koho ʻana o nā surfactants no nā mea hoʻonaninani, nā huahana mālama pilikino a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau i pili i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻoluʻolu, ʻoluʻolu i ka hoʻopā a me ka palekana. Hoʻomaopopo loa ka poʻe kūʻai aku i kēia mau huahana i ka hiki ke hoʻonāukiuki, ka ʻawaʻawa a me nā mea kūlohelohe.
I kēia lā, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo AAS e hana i nā shampoos he nui, nā lauoho lauoho a me nā kopa ʻauʻau ma muli o ko lākou mau pono he nui ma mua o kā lākou mau hoa kuʻuna i nā mea hoʻonaninani a me nā huahana mālama pilikino.Loaʻa i nā surfactants e pili ana i ka protein nā waiwai i makemake ʻia no nā huahana mālama pilikino. Loaʻa i kekahi mau AAS nā mana hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni, aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe he hiki ke hoʻohua maikaʻi.
He mea koʻikoʻi nā amino acids i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe kūlohelohe i ka stratum corneum. I ka make ʻana o nā cell epidermal, lilo lākou i ʻāpana o ka stratum corneum a ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia nā protein intracellular i nā waikawa amino. Lawe ʻia kēia mau amino acids i loko o ka stratum corneum, kahi e hoʻomoʻa ai i nā mea momona a momona paha i loko o ka epidermal stratum corneum, a laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka elasticity o ka ʻili o ka ʻili. Ma kahi o 50% o ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maoli i ka ʻili i haku ʻia me nā waikawa amino a me ka pyrrolidone.
ʻO Collagen, kahi mea hoʻonaninani maʻamau, loaʻa pū kekahi mau amino acids e mālama ai i ka palupalu o ka ʻili.ʻO nā pilikia o ka ʻili e like me ka ʻeleʻele a me ka ʻeleʻele ma muli o ka nele o nā waikawa amino. Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi haʻawina ʻo ka hui ʻana i ka waikawa amino me kahi ʻaila e hoʻomaha ai ka ʻili i ke ahi, a ua hoʻi nā wahi i hoʻopilikia ʻia i ko lākou kūlana maʻamau me ka lilo ʻole o nā ʻili keloid.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻakika amino he mea maikaʻi loa i ka mālama ʻana i nā cuticle i poino.ʻO ka lauoho maloʻo a me ke ʻano ʻole e hōʻike i ka emi ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o nā waikawa amino i loko o kahi stratum corneum i hōʻino ʻia. Hiki i nā amino acids ke komo i ka cuticle i loko o ka lauoho lauoho a komo i ka wai mai ka ʻili.ʻO kēia hiki ke hoʻohana i nā surfactants i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka amino acid e hoʻohana pono iā lākou i nā shampoos, nā lauoho lauoho, nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe lauoho, nā lauoho lauoho, a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā waikawa amino e ikaika ai ka lauoho.
11 Hoʻohana i nā mea hoʻonaninani i kēlā me kēia lā
I kēia manawa, ke ulu nei ka noi no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka waika amino-based detergent ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.ʻIke ʻia ʻo AAS i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, ka hiki ke hoʻohuhū a me nā mea hoʻoluʻu lole, kahi e kūpono ai no nā mea holoi hale, shampoos, holoi kino a me nā noi ʻē aʻe.Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi amphoteric AAS i loaʻa i ka waikawa aspartic he mea holoi maikaʻi loa me nā waiwai chelating. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe i loaʻa nā N-alkyl-β-aminoethoxy acids i ʻike ʻia e hōʻemi i ka ʻeha o ka ʻili. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻano mea holoi wai me N-cocoyl-β-aminopropionate he mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi no nā ʻaila ʻaila ma nā ʻili metala. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe aminocarboxylic acid, C 14 CHOHCH 2 NHCH 2 COONa, i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka detergency a hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā textiles, kāpeti, lauoho, aniani, etc. ʻO ka 2-hydroxy-3-aminopropionic acid-N,N- ʻIke ʻia ka derivative acetoacetic acid he hiki ke paʻakikī maikaʻi a no laila hāʻawi i ka paʻa i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe.
Ua hōʻike ʻia e Keigo lāua ʻo Tatsuya ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe e pili ana i ka N-(N'-long-chain acyl-β-alanyl)-β-alanine i kā lākou patent no ka hiki ke holoi maikaʻi a paʻa, maʻalahi ka haki ʻana i ka pua a me ka hoʻoluliluli lole maikaʻi. . Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Kao i kahi mea holoi holoi ma muli o ka N-Acyl-1 -N-hydroxy-β-alanine a hōʻike ʻia ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻili, ke kūpaʻa wai kiʻekiʻe a me ka mana kiʻekiʻe e wehe i ka ʻili.
Hoʻohana ka hui Kepani ʻo Ajinomoto i ka AAS haʻahaʻa a maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia e pili ana i ka L-glutamic acid, L-arginine a me L-lysine ma ke ʻano he mea nui i nā shampoos, detergents a me nā mea hoʻonaninani (Figure 13). Ua hōʻike pū ʻia ka hiki o nā mea hoʻohui enzyme i loko o nā ʻano mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe e wehe i ka fouling protein. N-acyl AAS i loaʻa mai ka glutamic acid, alanine, methylglycine, serine a me ka waikawa aspartic i hōʻike ʻia no kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai maikaʻi loa i nā ʻano wai. ʻAʻole hiki i kēia mau surfactants ke hoʻonui i ka viscosity i nā mea āpau, ʻoiai me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa, a hiki ke maʻalahi ke hoʻololi ʻia mai ka pahu mālama o ka mea hoʻohāhā e loaʻa ai nā huʻa homogeneous.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jun-09-2022