Kuhi ʻia kēia ʻatikala i ka hana antimicrobial o Gemini Surfactants, ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e hana maikaʻi i ka pepehi ʻana i nā maʻi bacteria a hiki ke hāʻawi i ke kōkua i ka hoʻolohi ʻana i ka laha ʻana o nā coronaviruses hou.
ʻO Surfactant, ʻo ia ka hōʻemi ʻana o nā huaʻōlelo Surface, Active and Agent. ʻO Surfactants nā mea e hana ana ma luna o nā ʻili a me nā pilina a loaʻa iā ia ka mana kiʻekiʻe loa a me ka pono i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka ʻili o ka ʻili (palena), e hana ana i nā hui i kauoha ʻia i nā molecularly i nā hoʻonā ma luna o kahi ʻano hoʻonaʻauao a no laila ke loaʻa nei nā ʻano hana noi. Loaʻa i nā surfactants ka dispersibility maikaʻi, ka wettability, ka hiki ke emulsification, a me nā waiwai antistatic, a ua lilo i mau mea nui no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kula he nui, me ke kahua o nā kemika maikaʻi, a he koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā kaʻina hana, hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono hana. . Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kaiāulu a me ka holomua mau ʻana o ka pae ʻenehana o ka honua, ua pālahalaha mālie ka noi ʻana o nā surfactants mai nā kemika hoʻohana i kēlā me kēia lā i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hoʻokele waiwai aupuni, e like me nā mea antibacterial, nā meaʻai meaʻai, nā māla ikehu hou, ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻohaumia ʻana. biopharmaceuticals.
He mau pūhui "amphiphilic" nā surfactants maʻamau i loko o nā pūʻulu hydrophilic polar a me nā pūʻulu hydrophobic nonpolar, a ua hōʻike ʻia ko lākou mau molekala ma ke Kiʻi 1(a).
I kēia manawa, me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka systematization i ka ʻoihana hana, ke piʻi mālie nei ka noi no nā waiwai surfactant i ke kaʻina hana, no laila he mea nui ia e ʻimi a hoʻomohala i nā surfactant me nā waiwai kiʻekiʻe a me nā hale kūikawā. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o Gemini Surfactants e hoʻopili i kēia mau āpau a hoʻokō i nā koi o ka hana ʻoihana. ʻO kahi surfactant Gemini maʻamau he hui me ʻelua pūʻulu hydrophilic (maʻamau ionic a i ʻole nonionic me nā waiwai hydrophilic) a me ʻelua mau kaulahao alkyl hydrophobic.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 1(b), ʻokoʻa me nā surfactants kaulahao hoʻokahi maʻamau, hoʻopili ʻo Gemini Surfactants i ʻelua pūʻulu hydrophilic ma o kahi hui loulou (spacer). I ka pōkole, hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ke ʻano o kahi surfactant Gemini i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hoʻopaʻa akamai ʻana i ʻelua pūʻulu poʻo hydrophilic o kahi surfactant maʻamau me kahi hui linkage.
ʻO ke ʻano kūikawā o ka Gemini Surfactant e alakaʻi i kāna hana kiʻekiʻe ma luna, ʻo ia ka mea ma muli o:
(1) ka hopena hydrophobic i hoʻonui ʻia o nā kaulahao huelo hydrophobic ʻelua o ka molekala Gemini Surfactant a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka surfactant e haʻalele i ka wai wai.
(2) ʻO ka manaʻo o nā pūʻulu poʻo hydrophilic e hoʻokaʻawale mai kekahi i kekahi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hui poʻo ionic ma muli o ka hoʻihoʻi electrostatic, ua nāwaliwali nui ʻia e ka mana o spacer;
(3) Hoʻopili ke ʻano kūikawā o Gemini Surfactants i kā lākou ʻano hoʻohui i loko o ka hoʻonā wai, hāʻawi iā lākou i kahi morphology aggregation ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a me ka loli.
Loaʻa i nā Gemini Surfactants ka ʻoihana kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻili (palena), haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka micelle koʻikoʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wettability, hiki ke emulsification a me ka hiki antibacterial ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā surfactants maʻamau. No laila, he mea nui ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o Gemini Surfactants no ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā surfactants.
ʻO ka "amphiphilic structure" o nā surfactants maʻamau e hāʻawi iā lākou i nā waiwai ʻili kūikawā. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 1(c), ke hoʻohui ʻia kahi surfactant maʻamau i ka wai, e hoʻoheheʻe ka hui poʻo hydrophilic i loko o ka wai wai, a ke kāohi nei ka hui hydrophobic i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka molekele surfactant i loko o ka wai. Ma lalo o ka hopena hui o kēia mau ʻano ʻelua, ua hoʻonui ʻia nā molekala surfactant ma ke kinoea-wai a hana i kahi hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho, a laila e hōʻemi ai i ka ʻili o ka wai. ʻAʻole like me nā surfactants maʻamau, ʻo Gemini Surfactants he "dimer" e hoʻopili pū ana i nā surfactants maʻamau ma o nā pūʻulu spacer, hiki ke hoʻemi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili o ka wai a me ka ʻaila/wai. Eia kekahi, ʻo Gemini Surfactants he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻoheheʻe wai, ka emulsification, ka huʻa, ka wai a me nā waiwai antibacterial.
| ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Gemini Surfactants Ma 1991, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻo Menger lāua ʻo Littau [13] i ka surfactant kaulahao bis-alkyl mua me kahi pūʻulu pili paʻa, a kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo "Gemini surfactant". I ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻo Zana et al [14] i kahi moʻo o ka paʻakai ammonium quaternary Gemini Surfactants no ka manawa mua a ua noiʻi systematically i nā waiwai o kēia moʻo o ka paʻakai ammonium quaternary Gemini Surfactants. I ka makahiki 1996, ua hoʻonui a kūkākūkā nā mea noiʻi i ke ʻano o ka ʻili (palena), nā waiwai hoʻohui, ka hoʻonā rheology a me nā ʻano hana o nā Gemini Surfactants ʻokoʻa ke hui pū ʻia me nā surfactants maʻamau. Ma 2002, ua noiʻi ʻo Zana [15] i ka hopena o nā pūʻulu pili like ʻole i ka ʻano hui ʻana o Gemini Surfactants i loko o ka wai wai, kahi hana i holomua nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā surfactants a he koʻikoʻi nui. Ma hope mai, ua hana ʻo Qiu et al [16] i kahi ala hou no ka synthesis o Gemini Surfactants i loaʻa nā hale kūikawā e pili ana i ka cetyl bromide a me 4-amino-3,5-dihydroxymethyl-1,2,4-triazole, kahi i hoʻonui ai i ke ala o ʻO Gemini Surfactant synthesis. |
Ua hoʻomaka ka noiʻi ʻana ma Gemini Surfactants ma Kina; ma 1999, ua hana ʻo Jianxi Zhao mai ke Kulanui ʻo Fuzhou i kahi loiloi ʻōnaehana o ka noiʻi haole ma Gemini Surfactants a ua huki i ka manaʻo o nā keʻena noiʻi he nui ma Kina. Ma hope o kēlā, ua hoʻomaka ka noiʻi ʻana ma Gemini Surfactants ma Kina e ulu a loaʻa nā hopena hua. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻolaʻa nā mea noiʻi iā lākou iho i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā Gemini Surfactants hou a me ke aʻo ʻana i kā lākou mau waiwai physicochemical pili. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā noi o Gemini Surfactants i nā ʻano o ka sterilization a me ka antibacterial, ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai, ka defoaming a me ka pale ʻana i ka pua, ka hoʻokuʻu lohi ʻana i ka lāʻau a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻoihana. Ma muli o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻana o nā pūʻulu hydrophilic i loko o nā molekala surfactant a me ke ʻano o ka uku a lākou e lawe ai, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Gemini Surfactants i kēia mau ʻāpana: cationic, anionic, nonionic a amphoteric Gemini Surfactants. Ma waena o lākou, cationic Gemini Surfactants maʻamau e pili ana i ka quaternary ammonium a i ʻole ammonium paʻakai Gemini Surfactants, anionic Gemini Surfactants ka hapanui e pili ana iā Gemini Surfactants nona nā pūʻulu hydrophilic he sulfonic acid, phosphate a me ka waikawa carboxylic, aʻo ka nonionic Gemini Surfactants ka hapa nui o ka polyoxyethylene Gemini Surfactants.
1.1 ʻO Cationic Gemini Surfactants
Hiki i nā Cationic Gemini Surfactants ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā cation i loko o nā wai wai, ka nui o ka ammonium a me ka paʻakai ammonium quaternary Gemini Surfactants. ʻO ka Cationic Gemini Surfactants he biodegradability maikaʻi, ikaika decontamination hiki, paʻa kemika waiwai, haʻahaʻa toxicity, hana maʻalahi, maʻalahi synthesis, maʻalahi ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a loaʻa pū kekahi mau waiwai bactericidal, anticorrosion, antistatic waiwai a me ka palupalu.
Hoʻomākaukau maʻamau ʻia ʻo Gemini Surfactants i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka paʻakai ammonium Quaternary mai nā amine tertiary e nā hopena alkylation. ʻElua mau ʻano hana synthetic e like me kēia: ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā alkanes i pani ʻia dibromo a me nā amine alkyl dimethyl tertiary kaulahao lōʻihi; ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia ka quaternize 1-bromo-substituted long-chain alkanes a me N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl alkyl diamines me ka anhydrous ethanol ma ke ʻano he solvent a me ka reflux wela. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai o nā alkanes i hoʻololi ʻia dibromo a ua hoʻohui pinepine ʻia e ke ʻano ʻelua, a ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 2.
1.2 Anionic Gemini Surfactants
Hiki i nā Anionic Gemini Surfactants ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā anion i loko o ka wai wai, ka nui o nā sulfonates, nā paʻakai sulfate, nā carboxylates a me nā paʻakai phosphate type Gemini Surfactants. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe Anionic e like me ka decontamination, foaming, dispersion, emulsification and wetting, a hoʻohana nui ʻia e like me nā detergents, foaming agents, wetting agents, emulsifiers and dispersants.
1.2.1 Sulfonates
Hiki i nā biosurfactants sulfonate ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻoheheʻe wai maikaʻi, maikaʻi ka wettability, maikaʻi ka mahana a me ka paʻakai kūpaʻa, detergency maikaʻi, a me ka ikaika hoʻopuehu ikaika, a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou e like me nā detergents, foaming agents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, a me dispersants i ka ʻaila. ʻoihana lole lole, a me nā mea hoʻohana i kēlā me kēia lā ma muli o ko lākou ākea ākea o nā kumu waiwai, nā kaʻina hana maʻalahi, a me nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa. Li et al synthesized he moʻo o ka hou dialkyl disulfonic acid Gemini Surfactants (2Cn-SCT), he sulfonate-type baryonic surfactant, e hoʻohana ana i ka trichloramine, aliphatic amine a me ka taurine e like me nā mea maka i loko o ka hopena ʻekolu.
1.2.2 Paakai Sulfate
Loaʻa i nā paʻakai paʻakai Sulfate doublet surfactants ka maikaʻi o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ka hana ʻili kiʻekiʻe, ka hoʻoheheʻe wai maikaʻi, ke kumu ākea o nā mea maka a me ka synthesis maʻalahi. Loaʻa iā ia ka hana holoi holoi maikaʻi a me ka hiki ke hoʻohuhū, ka hana paʻa i ka wai paʻakikī, a ʻo nā paʻakai ester sulfate he kūʻokoʻa a i ʻole ka alkaline liʻiliʻi i ka wai. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Figure 3, ua hoʻohana ʻo Sun Dong et al i ka lauric acid a me ka polyethylene glycol ma ke ʻano he kumu nui a hoʻohui ʻia i nā mea paʻa ester sulfate ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana, esterification a me nā hopena hoʻohui, no laila synthesizing ka sulfate ester paʻakai ʻano baryonic surfactant-GA12-S-12.
1.2.3 Nā paʻakai ʻakika Carboxylic
ʻO ka Carboxylate-based Gemini Surfactants ka mea maʻamau, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, maʻalahi biodegradable a loaʻa kahi kumu waiwai o nā mea kūlohelohe maoli, nā waiwai chelating metala kiʻekiʻe, maikaʻi ke kūpaʻa wai paʻa a me ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ka kopa calcium, nā mea huʻu maikaʻi a me ka pulu, a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā lāʻau lapaʻau. nā lole lole, nā kemika maikaʻi a me nā māla ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā pūʻulu amide i nā biosurfactants e pili ana i ka carboxylate hiki ke hoʻonui i ka biodegradability o nā molekala surfactant a loaʻa iā lākou ka pulu maikaʻi, emulsification, dispersion a me nā waiwai decontamination. Ua hana ʻo Mei et al i kahi carboxylate-based baryonic surfactant CGS-2 i loaʻa nā hui amide me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka dodecylamine, dibromoethane a me ka anhydride succinic ma ke ʻano he kumu.
1.2.4 Nā paʻakai Phosphate
ʻO ke ʻano paʻakai Phosphate ester Gemini Surfactants he ʻano like ko lākou me nā phospholipids maoli a hiki ke hana i nā hale e like me nā micelles a me nā vesicle. Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ka Phosphate ester salt type Gemini Surfactants ma ke ʻano he antistatic agents a me ka holoi holoi lole, ʻoiai ko lākou mau waiwai emulsification kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i alakaʻi i kā lākou hoʻohana ākea i ka mālama ʻili pilikino. Hiki i kekahi mau phosphate esters ke anticancer, antitumor a me antibacterial, a ua hoʻomohala ʻia he mau kaukani lāʻau. ʻO nā biosurfactants ʻano paʻakai Phosphate ester he mau waiwai emulsification kiʻekiʻe no nā pesticides a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻaʻole wale ma ke ʻano he antibacterial a me nā insecticides akā he herbicides pū kekahi. Ua aʻo ʻo Zheng et al i ka synthesis o ka paʻakai phosphate ester Gemini Surfactants mai P2O5 a me ka ortho-quat-based oligomeric diols, i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pulu, nā waiwai antistatic maikaʻi, a me kahi kaʻina hana synthesis maʻalahi me nā kūlana hoʻonā mālie. Hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano mole o ka paʻakai baryonic surfactant potassium phosphate ma ke Kiʻi 4.
1.3 Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe Gemini non-ionic
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā Nonionic Gemini Surfactants i loko o ka hoʻonā wai a noho ʻia ma ke ʻano molekala. ʻAʻole i aʻo nui ʻia kēia ʻano surfactant baryonic i kēia manawa, a ʻelua ʻano ʻano, hoʻokahi mea hoʻoheheʻe kō a ʻo kekahi ʻo ka alcohol ether a me ka phenol ether. Nonionic Gemini Surfactants 'aʻole i loko o ka ionic moku'āina i ka hoʻonā, no laila, he kiʻekiʻe paʻa, 'aʻole maʻalahi pili i ka ikaika electrolytes, he maikai complexability me 'ē aʻeʻano surfactants, a me ka maikai solubility. No laila, loaʻa i nā surfactants nonionic nā mea like ʻole e like me ka detergency maikaʻi, dispersibility, emulsification, foaming, wettability, antistatic property and sterilization, a hiki ke hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole e like me nā pesticides a me nā uhi. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 5, ma 2004, ʻo FitzGerald et al synthesized polyoxyethylene based Gemini Surfactants (nonionic surfactants), nona ka hale i hōʻike ʻia e like me (Cn-2H2n-3CHCH2O(CH2CH2O)mH)2(CH2)6 (a i ʻole GemnEm).
02 mau waiwai kino o Gemini Surfactants
2.1 Hana o Gemini Surfactants
ʻO ke ala maʻalahi a pololei loa e loiloi i ka hana ʻili o nā surfactants ʻo ke ana ʻana i ka haʻalulu o ka ʻili o kā lākou mau wai. Ma ke kumu, hoʻemi nā surfactants i ka haʻalulu o ka ʻili ma o ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho ʻana ma luna o ka mokulele (palena) (Figure 1 (c)). ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka micelle koʻikoʻi (CMC) o Gemini Surfactants ma mua o ʻelua mau kauoha o ka nui a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka waiwai C20 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā surfactants maʻamau me nā hale like. Loaʻa i ka molekele baryonic surfactant ʻelua pūʻulu hydrophilic e kōkua iā ia e mālama i ka hoʻoheheʻe wai maikaʻi me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kaulahao lōʻihi hydrophobic. Ma ka wai / ea interface, nā surfactants maʻamau ua loosely hoʻonohonoho 'ia ma muli o ka spatial kahua kū'ē hopena a me ka repulsion o homogeneous koina i loko o nā mole, pela hoʻonāwaliwali i ko lakou hiki ke hoemi i ka ili o ka wai. I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hui pili o Gemini Surfactants i mālama ʻia ka mamao ma waena o nā pūʻulu hydrophilic ʻelua i loko o kahi liʻiliʻi (ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka mamao ma waena o nā pūʻulu hydrophilic o nā surfactants maʻamau), e hopena i ka hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o Gemini Surfactants ma ka ʻili (palena).
2.2 Hoʻonohonoho hui o Gemini Surfactants
I loko o nā haʻina wai, i ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka surfactant baryonic, hoʻopiha kona mau molekala i ka ʻili o ka hopena, a ʻo ia ka mea e koi ai i nā molekala ʻē aʻe e neʻe i loko o ka hopena e hana i nā micelles. ʻO ka manaʻo i hoʻomaka ai ka surfactant e hana i nā micelles i kapa ʻia ʻo Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 9, ma hope o ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻike ma mua o CMC, ʻaʻole like me nā surfactants maʻamau e hōʻuluʻulu e hana i nā micelles spherical, hoʻopuka ʻo Gemini Surfactants i nā ʻano micelle morphologies, e like me ka linear a me nā hale bilayer, no ko lākou ʻano hana. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa i ka nui o ka micelle, ke ʻano a me ka hydration he hopena pololei i ka ʻano hana a me nā waiwai rheological o ka hopena, a alakaʻi pū i nā loli i ka viscoelasticity solution. ʻO nā surfactants maʻamau, e like me nā anionic surfactants (SDS), hana maʻamau i nā micelles spherical, ʻaneʻane ʻaʻohe hopena i ka viscosity o ka hopena. Eia nō naʻe, ke alakaʻi nei ke ʻano kūikawā o Gemini Surfactants i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka morphology micelle paʻakikī a ʻokoʻa loa nā waiwai o kā lākou mau wai wai mai nā surfactants maʻamau. Piʻi ka viscosity o nā ʻoluʻolu wai o Gemini Surfactants me ka piʻi ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o Gemini Surfactants, ma muli paha o ka hui ʻana o nā micelles laina i hana ʻia i loko o kahi ʻano like me ka pūnaewele. Eia naʻe, e emi ana ka viscosity o ka hoʻonā me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike surfactant, ma muli paha o ka hoʻohaunaele ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana pūnaewele a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā hale micelle ʻē aʻe.
03 Nā waiwai antimicrobial o Gemini Surfactants
Ma ke ʻano he ʻano antimicrobial agent, ʻo ke ʻano antimicrobial o ka baryonic surfactant ka mea nui e hui pū me nā anion ma ka ʻili o ka membrane cell o nā microorganisms a i ʻole e hana pū me nā pūʻulu sulfhydryl e hoʻopau i ka hana ʻana o kā lākou mau protein a me nā membrane cell, no laila e luku ai i nā ʻiʻo microbial e pale ai. aiʻole e pepehi i nā microorganism.
3.1 Nā waiwai antimicrobial o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe anionic Gemini
Hoʻoholo nui ʻia nā waiwai antimicrobial o nā antimicrobial anionic surfactants e ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana antimicrobial a lākou e lawe ai. I loko o nā hoʻonā colloidal e like me nā latex maoli a me nā uhi, hoʻopaʻa nā kaulahao hydrophilic i nā dispersants hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, a na nā kaulahao hydrophobic e hoʻopaʻa i nā dispersion hydrophobic ma o ka adsorption kuhikuhi, no laila e hoʻololi i ka ʻaoʻao ʻelua i loko o kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni molecular interfacial film. ʻO nā pūʻulu pale bacteria ma kēia papa pale paʻa ke keʻakeʻa nei i ka ulu ʻana o ka bacteria.
He ʻokoʻa loa ke ʻano o ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi bacteria o nā surfactants anionic mai nā surfactants cationic. ʻO ka pāpā ʻana i ka maʻi bacteria o nā surfactant anionic e pili ana i kā lākou ʻōnaehana hoʻonā a me nā pūʻulu inhibition, no laila hiki ke kaupalena ʻia kēia ʻano surfactant. Pono e loaʻa kēia ʻano surfactant i nā pae kūpono i loaʻa ka surfactant ma kēlā me kēia kihi o ka ʻōnaehana e hana i kahi hopena microbicidal maikaʻi. I ka manawa like, nele kēia ʻano surfactant i ka localization a me ka huli ʻana, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopau wale i nā ʻōpala pono ʻole, akā hana pū kekahi i ke kūʻē ʻana i kahi manawa lōʻihi.
No ka laʻana, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā biosurfactants alkyl sulfonate i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻO nā Alkyl sulfonates, e like me Busulfan a me Treosulfan, ke mālama nui nei i nā maʻi myeloproliferative, e hana ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana ma waena o ka guanine a me ka ureapurine, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia kēia hoʻololi ʻana e ka proofreading cellular, ka hopena o ka make cell apoptotic.
3.2 Nā waiwai antimicrobial o cationic Gemini Surfactants
ʻO ke ʻano nui o ka cationic Gemini Surfactants i hoʻomohala ʻia ʻo quaternary ammonium salt type Gemini Surfactants. Quaternary ammonium type cationic Gemini Surfactants he ikaika bactericidal hopena no ka mea, aia elua hydrophobic long alkane kaulahao i loko o quaternary ammonium type baryonic surfactant mole, a me na kaulahao hydrophobic hana hydrophobic adsorption me ka pa keena (peptidoglycan); i ka manawa like, loaʻa iā lākou ʻelua mau ion nitrogen i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia, ka mea e hāpai i ka adsorption o nā molekala surfactant i ka ʻili o ka bacteria i hoʻopiʻi ʻia, a ma o ke komo ʻana a me ka diffusion, komo hohonu nā kaulahao hydrophobic i loko o ka papa lipid membrane cell Bacterial, hoʻololi i ka permeability o ka membrane cell, e alakaʻi ana i ka rupture o ka bacteria, me ka hui hydrophilic hohonu i loko o ka protein, e alakaʻi ana i ka nalowale o ka hana enzyme a me ka denaturation protein, ma muli o ka hopena i hui ʻia o kēia mau hopena ʻelua, e hana ana i ka fungicide he a ka hopena bactericidal ikaika.
Eia nō naʻe, mai ka ʻike kaiapuni, loaʻa i kēia mau surfactants ka hana hemolytic a me ka cytotoxicity, a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻopili ʻana me nā meaola aquatic a me ka biodegradation hiki ke hoʻonui i ko lākou ʻona.
3.3 Nā waiwai antibacterial o nā mea hoʻokalakupua Gemini nonionic
Aia i kēia manawa ʻelua ʻano o ka nonionic Gemini Surfactants, hoʻokahi he mea hoʻoheheʻe kō a ʻo kekahi ʻo ka alcohol ether a me ka phenol ether.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hana antibacterial o nā biosurfactants i loaʻa i ke kō ma luna o ka pili o nā mole, a hiki i nā surfactants i loaʻa ke kō ke hoʻopaʻa i nā membrane cell, kahi nui o nā phospholipids. Ke piʻi ka neʻe ʻana o nā surfactants derivatives i kahi pae, hoʻololi ia i ka permeability o ka membrane cell, e hana ana i nā pores a me nā kaila ion, e pili ana i ka lawe ʻana i nā meaʻai a me ka hoʻololi kinoea, e hoʻoulu ai i ka puka o nā mea a hiki i ka make o ka bacteria.
ʻO ka hana antibacterial o ka phenolic a me ka alcoholic ethers antimicrobial agents e hana ma ka paia o ke kelepona a i ʻole ka membrane cell a me nā enzymes, e kāohi ana i nā hana metabolic a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā hana regenerative. No ka laʻana, hoʻokomo ʻia nā lāʻau antimicrobial o ka diphenyl ethers a me kā lākou derivatives (phenols) i loko o nā cell bacteria a viral a hana ma o ka paia cell a me ka membrane cell, e kāohi ana i ka hana a me ka hana o nā enzymes e pili ana i ka synthesis o nā nucleic acids a me nā protein, e kaupalena ana i ka. ka ulu ʻana a me ka hana hou ʻana o ka bacteria. Hoʻopau pū ia i nā hana metabolic a me ka hanu o nā enzyme i loko o ka bacteria, a laila hāʻule.
3.4 Nā waiwai antibacterial o amphoteric Gemini Surfactants
ʻO Amphoteric Gemini Surfactants kahi papa o nā surfactants i loaʻa nā cationic a me nā anion i loko o kā lākou molecular structure, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i loko o ka hoʻonā wai, a hōʻike i nā waiwai o nā surfactants anionic i loko o kahi kūlana medium a me nā surfactant cationic i kahi kūlana ʻokoʻa. ʻAʻole maopopo ke ʻano o ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi bacteria o nā surfactants amphoteric, akā ke manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia he like paha ka pale ʻana me ka quaternary ammonium surfactants, kahi e hoʻopili maʻalahi ai ka surfactant ma ka ʻili bacteria i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia a hoʻopilikia i ka metabolism bacteria.
3.4.1 Nā waiwai antimicrobial o ka amino acid Gemini Surfactants
ʻO ka surfactant amino acid type baryonic he cationic amphoteric baryonic surfactant i haku ʻia me ʻelua amino acids, no laila ua like kona ʻano antimicrobial me ka quaternary ammonium paʻakai ʻano baryonic surfactant. Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻāpana i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia o ka surfactant i ka ʻāpana i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia o ka ʻili bacteria a i ʻole viral ma muli o ka pilina electrostatic, a ma hope o nā kaulahao hydrophobic e hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka lipid bilayer, e alakaʻi ana i ka efflux o nā waihona cell a me ka lysis a hiki i ka make. Loaʻa iā ia nā pōmaikaʻi nui ma mua o ka quaternary ammonium-based Gemini Surfactants: maʻalahi biodegradability, haʻahaʻa hemolytic haʻahaʻa, a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, no laila ke hoʻomohala ʻia nei no kāna noi a ke hoʻonui ʻia nei kāna kahua noi.
3.4.2 Nā waiwai antibacterial o nā ʻano waikawa amino ʻole Gemini Surfactants
ʻO ka ʻano waikawa amino ʻano amphoteric Gemini Surfactants loaʻa nā koena molekala ʻeleʻele i loaʻa nā kikowaena hoʻoili maikaʻi ʻole a me nā kikowaena ʻino ʻole. ʻO ke ʻano nui non-amino acid Gemini Surfactants he betaine, imidazoline, a me amine oxide. ʻO ka lawe ʻana i ke ʻano betaine ma ke ʻano he laʻana, ʻo ka betaine-type amphoteric surfactants he mau pūʻulu anionic a me ka cationic i loko o kā lākou mau mole, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia e nā paʻakai inorganic a loaʻa nā hopena surfactant i nā hopena ʻelua a me ka alkaline, a ʻo ke ʻano antimicrobial o ka cationic Gemini Surfactants. hahai ʻia i loko o nā haʻina waika a me nā anionic Gemini Surfactants i loko o nā haʻina alkaline. Loaʻa iā ia ka hana hoʻohui maikaʻi me nā ʻano surfactants ʻē aʻe.
04 Ka hopena a me ka manaʻo
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Gemini Surfactants i ke ola ma muli o ko lākou ʻano kūikawā, a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou i nā ʻano o ka sterilization antibacterial, ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai, defoaming a me ka pale ʻana i ka pua, ka hoʻokuʻu lohi ʻana i ka lāʻau a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻoihana. Me ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka noi no ka pale ʻana i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ʻo Gemini Surfactants i nā mea hoʻonaninani a me nā multifunctional surfactants. Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana no Gemini Surfactants e hiki mai ana ma kēia mau ʻano: ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā Gemini Surfactants hou me nā hale a me nā hana kūikawā, ʻoi aku ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka antibacterial a me ka antiviral; hui pū me nā surfactants maʻamau a i ʻole nā mea hoʻohui e hana i nā huahana me ka hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi; a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea maka liʻiliʻi a maʻalahi hoʻi e synthesize i nā Gemini Surfactants pili i ke kaiapuni.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mar-25-2022