1. Ka haʻalulu o ka ʻili
Ua kapa ʻia ka ikaika ʻokiʻoki i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana lōʻihi ma luna o ka ʻili o ka wai, ʻo ka ʻili o ka ʻili, i ana ʻia ma N • m-1.
2. Ka hana o luna a me ka surfactant
ʻO ka waiwai e hiki ai ke hoʻemi i ka haʻalulu ʻili o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka hana ʻili, a ʻo nā mea me ka hana ʻili i kapa ʻia ʻo nā mea hana ʻili.
ʻO ka Surfactant e pili ana i nā mea hana o ka ili i hiki ke hana i nā micelles a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i loko o nā wai wai, he hana kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻili, a he pulu, emulsifying, huʻa, holoi, a me nā hana ʻē aʻe.
3. Molecular structural hiʻona o surfactant
ʻO Surfactant nā pūhui kūlohelohe me nā hale kūikawā a me nā waiwai e hiki ke hoʻololi nui i ka ʻāʻī ma waena o nā pae ʻelua a i ʻole ka ʻili o ka ʻili o ka wai (maʻamau ka wai), a loaʻa nā waiwai e like me ka pulu, ka huʻa, emulsification, a me ka holoi ʻana.
Ma ka ʻōlelo hoʻonohonoho, kaʻana like nā surfactants i kahi ʻano maʻamau o ka loaʻa ʻana o ʻelua pūʻulu hana like ʻole i kā lākou mau mole. ʻO kekahi hopena he pūʻulu non-polar kaulahao lōʻihi i hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila akā hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, ʻike ʻia he hui hydrophobic a i ʻole hui hydrophobic. ʻO kēia mau pūʻulu hydrophobic he mau hydrocarbons kaulahao lōʻihi, i kekahi manawa pū kekahi fluorine organik, organosilicon, organophosphorus, nā kaulahao organotin, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Pono ka hui hydrophilic e lawa ka hydrophilicity e hōʻoia i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka surfactant holoʻokoʻa i ka wai a loaʻa ka solubility pono. Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pūʻulu hydrophilic a me ka hydrophobic i loko o nā surfactants, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoheheʻe i ka liʻiliʻi o hoʻokahi māhele o ka pae wai. Ua kapa ʻia nā waiwai hydrophilic a me ka oleophilic o nā surfactants.
4. Nā ʻano o nā surfactants
ʻO nā surfactants nā molekole amphiphilic i loaʻa nā pūʻulu hydrophobic a me hydrophilic. ʻO nā pūʻulu hydrophobic o nā surfactants ka mea maʻamau i nā hydrocarbons kaulahao lōʻihi, e like me ke kaulahao pololei alkyl C8-C20, kaulahao lālā alkyl C8-C20, alkylphenyl (me 8-16 alkyl carbon atoms), a pēlā aku. No laila, pili nui nā waiwai o nā surfactants i nā pūʻulu hydrophilic me ka nui a me ke ʻano o nā pūʻulu hydrophobic. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā hoʻololi hoʻololi o nā pūʻulu hydrophilic ma mua o nā pūʻulu hydrophobic, no laila ke kumu maʻamau ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā surfactants ma ke ʻano o nā pūʻulu hydrophilic. Hoʻokumu nui ʻia kēia hoʻokaʻawale ʻana inā he ionic nā pūʻulu hydrophilic, e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou i anionic, cationic, nonionic, zwitterionic, a me nā ʻano surfactants kūikawā ʻē aʻe.
5. Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka wai wai surfactant
① Adsorption o nā surfactants ma nā pilina
He mau pūʻulu lipophilic a me hydrophilic nā molekala surfactant, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mau molekole amphiphilic. He wai polar ikaika ka wai. Ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā surfactants i ka wai, e like me ke kumu o ka like polarity a me ka ʻokoʻa polarity repulsion, ua huki ʻia kā lākou hui hydrophilic i ka pae wai a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai, ʻoiai kā lākou mau pūʻulu lipophilic repel i ka wai a haʻalele i ka wai. ʻO ka hopena, hoʻopili ʻia nā molekala surfactant (a i ʻole ion) ma ke kikowaena ma waena o nā pae ʻelua, e hōʻemi ana i ka ʻāʻī ma waena o nā pae ʻelua. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā molekele surfactant (a i ʻole nā ion) i hoʻopili ʻia ma ka interface, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka emi ʻana o ka haʻalulu interfacial.
② ʻO kekahi mau waiwai o ka membrane adsorption
ʻO ke kaomi o ka ʻili o ka membrane adsorption: Hoʻopili nā Surfactants i ke kinoea-wai e hana i kahi membrane adsorption. Inā hoʻokomo ʻia kahi pā lana ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao a hoʻokuke ka pā lana i ka membrane adsorption ma ka ʻili o ka hopena, e hoʻoikaika ka membrane i ka pā lana, ʻo ia ka mea i kapa ʻia ke kaomi ʻili.
ʻO ka viscosity o ka ʻili: E like me ke kaomi ʻana o ka ʻili, ʻo ka viscosity o ka ʻili kahi waiwai i hōʻike ʻia e nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni molekole insoluble. E hoʻokuʻu i ke apo platinum me kahi uea metala lahilahi, e hoʻopili i kona mokulele i ka ʻili o ka wai o ka paila, e hoʻohuli i ke apo platinum, ua keʻakeʻa ʻia ke apo platinum e ka viscosity o ka wai, a emi iki ka amplitude, e like me ka hiki ke ana ʻia ka viscosity. ʻO ke ʻano: e hana mua i nā hoʻokolohua ma ka ʻili wai maʻemaʻe, e ana i ka amplitude attenuation, a laila e ana i ka attenuation ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka pale maka maka, a helu i ka viscosity o ka pale maka o ka ʻili mai ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mea ʻelua.
Pili loa ka viscosity o ka ʻili i ka paʻa o ka pale maka. No ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni adsorption i ka ʻili a me ka viscosity, pono ia e elastic. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kaomi ʻili a me ka viscosity o ka adsorption membrane, ʻoi aku ka nui o kona modulus elastic. He mea koʻikoʻi ka modulus elastic o ke kiʻi adsorption surface i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka foam.
③ Ka hana ʻana o nā micelles
ʻO ka hopena dilute o nā surfactants e hahai i nā kānāwai o nā haʻina kūpono. Hoʻonui ka nui adsorption o nā surfactants ma luna o ka ʻili o ka hopena me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hopena. Ke piʻi a ʻoi aʻe paha ka manaʻo i kekahi waiwai, ʻaʻole e piʻi hou ka nui adsorption. ʻO kēia mau molekele surfactant nui loa i loko o ka hoʻonā ua pilikia a noho mau paha. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hana a me nā kumumanaʻo e hana lākou i nā aggregates i ka hopena, i kapa ʻia ʻo micelles.
ʻO ka ʻike micelle koʻikoʻi: ʻO ka ʻike haʻahaʻa loa e hana ai nā surfactants i nā micelle i loko o kahi hopena i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ʻike micelle koʻikoʻi.
④ Ka waiwai CMC o ka surfactant maʻamau.
6. Waiwai kaulike hydrophilic a me oleophilic
ʻO ka HLB ke kūpaʻa lipophilic hydrophilic, e hōʻike ana i ka waiwai hydrophilic a me lipophilic equilibrium o nā hui hydrophilic a me lipophilic o kahi surfactant, ʻo ia hoʻi ka waiwai HLB o ka surfactant. Hōʻike ka waiwai HLB kiʻekiʻe i ka hydrophilicity ikaika a me ka lipophilicity nāwaliwali o ka mole; Ma ka ʻokoʻa, he lipophilicity ikaika a me ka hydrophilicity nāwaliwali.
① Nā hoʻoponopono ma ka Waiwai HLB
ʻO ka waiwai HLB he waiwai pili, no laila, i ka hoʻokumuʻana i ka waiwai HLB, ma keʻano he maʻamau, ua hoʻonohonohoʻia ka waiwai HLB o ka paraffin me ka waiʻole hydrophilic i ka 0, aʻo ka HLB waiwai o ka sodium dodecyl sulfate me ka wai ikaika i hoʻonāʻia i ka 40. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, he lipophilic nā emulsifiers me nā waiwai HLB ma lalo o 10, aʻo nā emulsifiers me nā waiwai HLB i ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 he hydrophilic. No laila, ʻo ka huli ʻana mai ka lipophilicity i ka hydrophilicity ma kahi o 10.
7. Emulsification a solubilization hopena
ʻElua mau wai immiscible, hoʻokahi i hana ʻia e nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi (droplets a i ʻole kristal wai) i kekahi, ua kapa ʻia he emulsions. I ka hana ʻana i kahi emulsion, hoʻonui ʻia ka wahi interfacial ma waena o nā wai ʻelua, e hana ana i ka thermodynamically unstable. No ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka emulsion, pono e hoʻohui ʻia kahi ʻāpana ʻekolu - emulsifier e hōʻemi i ka ikehu interfacial o ka ʻōnaehana. ʻO nā emulsifiers no nā surfactants, a ʻo kā lākou hana nui e hana ma ke ʻano he emulsifiers. ʻO ka māhele i loaʻa ai nā kulu i loko o kahi emulsion, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka dispersed phase (a i ʻole ka māhele kūloko, discontinuous phase), a ʻo ka māhele ʻē aʻe i hui pū ʻia ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka dispersed medium (a i ʻole ka māhele waho, ka manawa mau).
① Emulsifiers a me emulsions
ʻO nā emulsions maʻamau i hoʻokahi māhele o ka wai a iʻole ka hopena wai, aʻo ka māhele'ē aʻe o nā mea hoʻohui i ka wai immiscible me ka wai, e like me ka aila, waxes, etc. ʻO ka emulsion i hanaʻia e ka wai a me kaʻaila hiki ke māheleʻia iʻelua mauʻano ma muli o ko lākou hoʻopuehuʻana:ʻo kaʻaila i hoʻopuehuʻia i loko o ka wai e lilo i wai i loko o kaʻaila emulsion, i hōʻikeʻia e O / W (ʻaila / wai); ʻO ka wai i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o ka ʻaila he wai i loko o ka ʻaila emulsion, hōʻike ʻia e W/O (wai/ʻaila). Eia hou, hiki i ka wai paʻakikī i ka ʻaila i ka wai W/O/W a me ka ʻaila i ka wai i ka ʻaila O/W/O emulsions.
Hoʻopaʻa ka emulsifier i ka emulsion ma o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ke ʻano o ka interfacial a me ka hana ʻana i kahi pale maka monolayer.
Nā mea e pono ai no nā emulsifiers i ka emulsification: a: pono e hiki i nā emulsifiers ke hoʻopili a hoʻonui paha i ka pilina ma waena o nā pae ʻelua, e hōʻemi ana i ka ʻāʻī waena; b: Pono nā emulsifiers e hāʻawi i nā ʻāpana i ka uku uila, e hoʻoneʻe ana i ka electrostatic repulsion ma waena o nā ʻāpana a i ʻole e hana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni pale paʻa loa a puni nā ʻāpana. No laila, ʻo nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā emulsifiers pono nā pūʻulu amphiphilic e loaʻa ai nā hopena emulsifying, a hiki i nā surfactants ke hoʻokō i kēia koi.
② Hoʻomākaukau i nā emulsions a me nā mea e pili ana i ka paʻa o ka emulsion
ʻElua mau ala no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā emulsion: ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano mechanical e hoʻopuehu i ka wai i loko o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i loko o kahi wai ʻē aʻe, i hoʻohana mau ʻia i ka ʻoihana e hoʻomākaukau i nā emulsions; ʻO kekahi ala ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i kahi wai i loko o kahi mokuʻāina i loko o kahi wai ʻē aʻe a laila e ʻae iā ia e hōʻuluʻulu kūpono e hana i kahi emulsion.
ʻO ke kūpaʻa o nā emulsions e pili ana i ko lākou hiki ke pale aku i ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ʻāpana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana. ʻO nā emulsions nā ʻōnaehana thermodynamically unstable me ka ikaika manuahi nui. No laila, ʻo ke kūpaʻa o kahi emulsion e pili ana i ka manawa i koi ʻia no ka ʻōnaehana e hiki ai i ke kaulike, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka manawa i koi ʻia no kahi wai i loko o ka ʻōnaehana e hoʻokaʻawale.
Ke loaʻa nā molekole polar organic e like me ka waiʻona momona, ka momona momona a me ka amine momona i ka mask facial, piʻi nui ka ikaika o ka membrane. ʻO kēia no ka mea e pili ana nā molekala emulsifier i ka papa adsorption interface me nā molekole polar e like me ka waiʻona, ka waikawa a me ka amine e hana i kahi "complex", e hoʻonui ai i ka ikaika o ka mask facial interface.
ʻO nā emulsifiers i haku ʻia me ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha nā surfactants ua kapa ʻia he emulsifier hui. Hoʻopili ʻia nā emulsifier i hui ʻia ma ka wai/ʻaila, a hiki i nā pilina intermolecular ke hana i nā paʻakikī. Ma muli o ka pilina intermolecular ikaika, ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ka ʻāʻī o ka interfacial, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka nui o ka emulsifier adsorbed ma ka interface, a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka density a me ka ikaika o ka interfacial facial mask i hoʻokumu ʻia.
He hopena koʻikoʻi ka uku o nā droplets i ka paʻa o nā emulsions. Loaʻa i nā emulsion paʻa nā kulu me nā uku uila. I ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka ionic emulsifiers, na emulsifier ions adsorbed ma ka interface e hookomo i ko lakou lipophilic hui i loko o ka aila mahele, oiai na hydrophilic hui i loko o ka wai pae, pela e hana i na droplets uku. Ma muli o ka lawe ʻana o nā droplets o ka emulsion i ka hoʻopiʻi like, hoʻokuke lākou i kekahi i kekahi a ʻaʻole maʻalahi agglomerated, e hopena i ka hoʻonui ʻia. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ion emulsifier i hoʻopili ʻia ma nā droplets, ʻoi aku ka nui o kā lākou uku, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ko lākou hiki ke pale i ka coalescence droplet, e hana i ka ʻōnaehana emulsion e paʻa.
ʻO ka viscosity o ka emulsion dispersion medium i kekahi hopena i ka paʻa o ka emulsion. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka viscosity o ka dispersing medium, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻa o ka emulsion. ʻO kēia ke kumu no ka mea kiʻekiʻe ka viscosity o ka mea hoʻopuehu, kahi e pale ikaika ai i ka neʻe ʻana o Brownian o nā kulu wai, hoʻolohi i ka hui ʻana ma waena o nā droplets, a mālama i ka ʻōnaehana paʻa. Hiki ke hoʻonui i ka viscosity o ka ʻōnaehana a hoʻonui i ka paʻa o ka emulsion nā mea polymer i hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka emulsion. Eia kekahi, hiki i ka polymer ke hana i kahi pale maka maka paʻa, e hoʻoikaika i ka ʻōnaehana emulsion.
I kekahi mau hihia, hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pauka paʻa ke hoʻopaʻa i ka emulsion. ʻAʻole i loko o ka wai ka pauka paʻa, ka ʻaila a i ʻole ke kikowaena, e pili ana i ka hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe o ka ʻaila a me ka wai ma ka pauka paʻa. Inā ʻaʻole i pulu ʻia ka pauka paʻa e ka wai a hiki ke pulu ʻia e ka ʻaila, e mau nō ia ma ka ʻaila ʻaila wai.
ʻO ke kumu i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ai ka pauka paʻa i ka emulsion, ʻo ka pauka i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ka interface ʻaʻole ia e hoʻoikaika i ka mask facial interface, e like me nā molekele emulsifier adsorption. No laila, ʻoi aku ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā ʻāpana pauka paʻa ma ke kikowaena, ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka emulsion.
Hiki i nā surfactants ke hoʻonui nui i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā pūhui organik i hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai ma hope o ka hana ʻana i nā micelles i loko o ka wai wai, a maopopo ka hopena i kēia manawa. Kapa ʻia kēia hopena o nā micelles i ka solubilization. ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe hiki ke hana i nā hopena solubilizing i kapa ʻia he solubilizers, a ʻo nā pūhui organik i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i kapa ʻia he pūhui hoʻoheheʻe.
8. Huhu
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka foam i ka holoi ʻana. ʻO ka ʻūhā e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻopuehu kahi e hoʻopuehu ʻia ai ke kinoea i loko o ka wai a paʻa paha. ʻO ke kinoea ka māhele hoʻopuehu, a ʻo ka wai a i ʻole ka paʻa ka mea hoʻopuehu. Ua kapa ʻia ka mea mua he ʻūhā wai, ʻoiai ʻo ka mea hope i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ʻūhā paʻa, e like me ka plastic foam, ke aniani ʻōpala, ka sima pahu, etc.
(1) Ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka huʻa
ʻO ka ʻōhū ma ʻaneʻi e pili ana i ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā ʻōpū i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni wai. Ma muli o ka nui o ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka dispersed phase (gas) a me ka dispersed medium (liquid), a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka wai, hiki ke piʻi mau ka pua i ka pae wai.
ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻohuhū ʻana, ʻo ia ka lawe ʻana i ka nui o ke kinoea i loko o ka wai, a hoʻi koke nā ʻōhū i loko o ka wai i ka ʻili o ka wai, e hana ana i kahi huʻihue i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kahi liʻiliʻi o ka wai a me ke kinoea.
ʻElua mau hiʻohiʻona kupaianaha o Foam i ka morphology: ʻo kekahi, ʻo ia ka polyhedral e like me ka mea i hoʻopuehu ʻia, no ka mea ma ke kuʻina o nā ʻōhū, aia kahi ʻano o ka wai kiʻiʻoniʻoni e lilo i ʻoi aku ka lahilahi, e hana ana i ka polyhedral. Ke lilo ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni wai i mea lahilahi i kekahi ʻano, e haki nā ʻōpū; ʻO ka lua, ʻaʻole hiki i ka wai maʻemaʻe ke hana i ka huʻa paʻa, akā ʻo ka wai hiki ke hana i ka huʻa he ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha nā ʻāpana. He ʻōnaehana maʻamau ka hoʻonā wai o ka surfactant e hoʻohua i ka huʻa, a ʻo kona hiki ke hana i ka huʻa e pili pū me nā waiwai ʻē aʻe.
Ua kapa ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe me ka hiki ke hoʻohua maikaʻi. ʻOiai ʻo ka mea hoʻohua puaʻa maikaʻi ka mana o ka pua, ʻaʻole hiki ke mālama ʻia ka pua i hana ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole maikaʻi kona kūpaʻa. No ka mālamaʻana i ka paʻa o ka pahu, hoʻohui pinepineʻia kahi mea e hiki ai ke hoʻonui i ka paʻa o ka pahu i ka mea hoʻohāhā, i kapaʻia he mea hoʻolālā. ʻO nā mea hoʻokūpaʻa foam maʻamau ka lauroyl diethanolamine a me ka dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide.
(2) Paʻa o ka huʻa
He ʻōnaehana thermodynamically paʻa ʻole ʻo Foam, a ʻo ke ʻano hope loa ʻo ia ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka ʻili o ka wai i loko o ka ʻōnaehana a me ka emi ʻana o ka ikehu manuahi ma hope o ka haki ʻana. ʻO ke kaʻina defoaming ke kaʻina hana e hoʻololi ai ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni wai e hoʻokaʻawale i ke kinoea i ka mānoanoa a hiki i ka haki ʻana. No laila, ʻo ke kūpaʻa o ka foam e hoʻoholo nui ʻia e ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻokuʻu wai a me ka ikaika o ke kiʻi wai. Aia kekahi mau kumu hoʻoikaika ʻē aʻe.
① ʻO ka ʻili o ka ʻili
Mai ka manaʻo o ka ikehu, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka ʻūhā, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka paʻa o ka pua. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻokoʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, lohi ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka wai, a me ka lohi ʻana o ka wai kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e kūpono i ka paʻa o ka pua.
② ʻO ka viscosity o ka ʻili
ʻO ke kumu koʻikoʻi e hoʻoholo ai i ka paʻa o ka foam ʻo ia ka ikaika o ke kiʻi wai, ka mea i hoʻoholo nui ʻia e ka paʻa o ka kiʻi adsorption surface, i ana ʻia e ka viscosity surface. Hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke ola o ka huʻa i hana ʻia e ka hopena me ka viscosity kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kēia no ka mea ʻo ka pilina ma waena o nā molekala adsorbed ma ka ʻili e alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikaika o ka membrane, no laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke ola o ka pua.
③ ʻO ka viscosity ka hopena
Ke piʻi aʻe ka viscosity o ka wai ponoʻī, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka wai i loko o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni wai, a lohi ka wikiwiki o ka mānoanoa o ke kiʻi wai wai, e hoʻopaneʻe i ka manawa o ka wai kiʻiʻoniʻoni rupture a hoʻonui i ka paʻa o ka pahu.
④ ʻO ka hopena 'hoʻoponopono' o ka haʻalulu ili
Hiki i nā surfactants i hoʻopili ʻia ma ka ʻili o ka wai kiʻiʻoniʻoni ke pale aku i ka hoʻonui ʻana a i ʻole ka ʻoki ʻana o ka ʻili kiʻi wai wai, a mākou e ʻōlelo ai he hopena hoʻoponopono. ʻO kēia no ka mea aia kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni wai o nā surfactants adsorbed ma luna o ka ʻili, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i kona ʻāpana ili e hōʻemi i ka ʻike ʻana o nā molekala adsorbed o ka ʻili a hoʻonui i ka ʻili. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻili e pono ai ka hoʻoikaika nui. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka emi ʻana o ka ili e hoʻonui i ka ʻike o nā molekele adsorbed ma luna o ka ʻili, e hōʻemi ana i ka haʻalulu o ka ʻili a ke keʻakeʻa nei i ka emi ʻana.
⑤ ʻO ka laha ʻana o ke kinoea ma o kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni wai
Ma muli o ka noho ʻana o ke kaomi capillary, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kaomi o nā ʻōpū liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā ʻōpū nui, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ke kinoea i loko o nā ʻōpū liʻiliʻi i loko o ka puʻupuʻu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma o ka wai kiʻiʻoniʻoni, e hopena i ke ʻano o ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻōpū nui, a hope ka haki ʻana. Inā hoʻohui ʻia ka surfactant, e ʻaʻahu a paʻapū ka huʻa i ka wā e huʻaʻa ai, a ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hoʻopau ʻana. Ma muli o ka hoʻonohonoho pono ʻana o ka surfactant ma luna o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni wai, he paʻakikī ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, kahi e hoʻopaʻa paʻa ai ka pahu.
⑥ Ka hopena o ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka ʻili
Inā hoʻopiʻi ʻia ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni wai puna me ka hōʻailona like, e hoʻokuke aku nā ʻāpana ʻelua o ka kiʻi wai wai i kekahi i kekahi, e pale ana i ka ʻili wai mai ka lahilahi a i ʻole ka luku ʻana. Hiki i nā Ionic surfactants ke hāʻawi i kēia hopena hoʻopaʻa.
I ka hopena, ʻo ka ikaika o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni wai ke kumu nui e hoʻoholo ai i ka paʻa o ka ʻōpala. Ma ke ʻano he surfactant no nā mea hoʻoulu a me nā stabilizers foam, ʻo ka paʻa a me ka paʻa o nā molekele adsorbed o ka ʻili ka mea nui loa. Ke ikaika ka launa ʻana ma waena o nā molekala adsorbed ma luna o ka ʻili, ua hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia nā molekala adsorbed, ʻaʻole wale ia e hana i ka ʻili o ka maka i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, akā e hana pū kekahi i ka hopena e pili ana i ka pale maka paʻakikī ke kahe ʻana ma muli o ka viscosity kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻili, no laila paʻakikī ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ke kiʻi wai, a maʻalahi ka mālama ʻana i ka mānoanoa o ke kiʻi wai. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā molekele i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia ke hōʻemi i ka permeability o nā molekele kinoea a pēlā e hoʻonui ai i ka paʻa o ka ʻūhā.
(3) Ka luku ʻana i ka huʻa
ʻO ke kumu kumu o ka luku ʻana i ka foam ʻo ia ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kūlana no ka hana ʻana i ka foam a i ʻole ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā kumu kūpaʻa o ka foam, no laila ʻelua mau ʻano defoaming, ke kino a me ke kemika.
ʻO ka defoaming kino ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kūlana i hana ʻia ai ka huʻa i ka wā e mālama ʻia ai ka hoʻohui kemika o ka solution foam me ka loli ʻole. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka hoʻohaunaele ikaika o waho, ka mahana a i ʻole ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kaomi a me ka mālama ʻana i ke kani ultrasonic nā ʻano hana kino kūpono a pau e hoʻopau ai i ka huʻa.
ʻO ke ʻano defoaming kemika, ʻo ia ka hoʻohui ʻana i kekahi mau mea e launa pū me ka mea hoʻohua, e hoʻemi i ka ikaika o ke kiʻi wai wai i loko o ka pahu, a laila e hoʻemi i ka paʻa o ka pahu e hoʻokō ai i ke kumu o ka defoaming. Ua kapa ʻia ia mau mea he defoamers. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā defoamers he surfactants. No laila, e like me ke ʻano o ka defoaming, pono e loaʻa i nā defoamers ka mana ikaika e hōʻemi i ka ʻili o ka ʻili, e maʻalahi i ka adsorbed ma ka ʻili, a me nā pilina nāwaliwali ma waena o nā molekele adsorbed, e hopena i kahi hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā molekole adsorbed.
Aia nā ʻano defoamers like ʻole, akā he mau surfactants non-ionic ka nui. Loaʻa i nā mea surfactants non ionic nā waiwai anti foaming kokoke a ma luna paha o ko lākou wahi ao a hoʻohana mau ʻia e like me nā defoamers. ʻO nā waiʻona, ʻoi aku ka poʻe me nā hale lālā, nā momona momona a me nā esters, nā polyamides, nā phosphates, nā aila silicone, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
(4) Huhū a holoi
ʻAʻohe pilina pololei ma waena o ka huʻa a me ka hopena holoi, a ʻo ka nui o ka hupa ʻaʻole ia he maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole ka hopena holoi. No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka hana huʻa o nā surfactants non-ionic ma mua o ke kopa, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ko lākou mana hoʻomaʻemaʻe ma mua o ke kopa.
I kekahi mau hihia, kōkua ka hu'ahu'a i ka wehe 'ana i ka lepo. No ka laʻana, i ka holoi ʻana i ka papa ʻaina ma ka home, hiki i ka huʻa o ka mea holoi ke lawe i nā kulu ʻaila i holoi ʻia; I ka holoi ʻana i ke kāpeti, kōkua ka huʻa e lawe i ka lepo paʻa e like me ka lepo a me ka pauka. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻōpala i kekahi manawa e like me ka hōʻailona o ka pono o ka detergent, no ka mea, hiki i nā ʻaila hinu momona ke kāohi i ka huʻa o ka mea holoi. Ke nui ka ʻaila hinu a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka mea holoi, ʻaʻohe huʻa a nalowale ka huʻa kumu. I kekahi manawa, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka huʻa i mea hōʻike inā he maʻemaʻe ka holoi ʻana. Ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka ʻōhū i loko o ka wai holoi holoi me ka emi ʻana o ka mea holoi holoi, hiki ke loiloi ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka holoi ʻana e ka nui o ka huʻa.
9. Kaʻina holoi
Ma ke ʻano ākea, ʻo ka holoi ʻana ke kaʻina o ka wehe ʻana i nā mea makemake ʻole mai ka mea i holoi ʻia a hoʻokō i kekahi kumu. ʻO ka holoiʻana ma keʻano maʻamau e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana o ka weheʻana i ka lepo mai kaʻili o kahi mea lawe. I ka wā holoi, hoʻonāwaliwali a hoʻopau ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka lepo a me ka mea lawe ma o ka hana ʻana o kekahi mau mea kemika (e like me nā detergents), e hoʻololi ana i ka hui pū ʻana o ka lepo a me ka mea lawe i ka hui ʻana o ka lepo a me ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe. ʻOiai ʻokoʻa nā mea e holoi ʻia a me ka lepo e wehe ʻia, ʻo ka holoi ʻana he hana paʻakikī loa, a hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano kumu o ka holoi ʻana e ka pilina maʻalahi.
Ka mea lawe • Dirt+Detergent=Carrier+Dirt • Detergent
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i ke kaʻina hana holoi i ʻelua mau ʻanuʻu: ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka lepo a me kāna mea lawe ma lalo o ka hana o ka mea holoi; ʻO ka lua, ʻo ia ka hoʻopuehu ʻia ʻana o ka lepo i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ka waena. ʻO ke kaʻina holoi holoi he hana hoʻihoʻi ʻia, a ʻo ka lepo i hoʻopuehu ʻia a hoʻopaneʻe ʻia paha i loko o ke kikowaena hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe hou ʻia mai ka mīkini a hiki i ka holoi lole. No laila, ʻaʻole pono i kahi mea holoi maikaʻi loa ka hiki ke wehe i ka lepo mai ka mea lawe, akā hiki ke hoʻopuehu a hoʻokuʻu i ka lepo, a pale i ka lepo mai ka waiho hou ʻana.
(1) Nā ʻano lepo
ʻOiai no ka mea like, ʻokoʻa ke ʻano, ka haku ʻana, a me ka nui o ka lepo ma muli o ke ʻano hoʻohana. ʻO ka lepo o ke kino o ka aila ka nui o nā aila holoholona a me nā mea kanu, a me nā aila mineral (e like me ka ʻaila crude, ka aila ʻaila, ka lanahu tar, etc.), ʻoiai ʻo ka lepo paʻa ka nui o ka uahi, ka lepo, ka ʻele, ke kalapona ʻeleʻele, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka lepo mai ka meaʻai, e like me nā ʻili hua, nā ʻaila aila hiki ke ʻai, nā mea ʻala, ka starch, a pēlā aku; ʻO ka lepo i lawe ʻia e nā mea hoʻonaninani, e like me ka lipstick a me ka nail polish; lepo mai ka lewa, e like me ka uahi, ka lepo, ka lepo, a pela aku; ʻO nā mea'ē aʻe e like me ka'īnika, ke kī, ka pena, a me nā mea'ē aʻe. Hiki ke'ōleloʻia he nui nāʻano likeʻole.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano lepo like ʻole i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: lepo paʻa, lepo wai, a lepo kūikawā.
① Loaʻa ka lepo paʻa maʻamau i nā ʻāpana e like me ka lehu, ka lepo, ka lepo, ka ʻōpala, a me ka ʻeleʻele kalapona. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau ʻāpana i loaʻa i ka uku ʻili, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ʻole, a hiki ke hoʻopili maʻalahi i nā mea fibrous. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, paʻakikī ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka lepo paʻa i ka wai, akā hiki ke hoʻopuehu ʻia a hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā hoʻonā detergent. ʻO ka lepo paʻa me nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi he paʻakikī ke wehe.
② ʻO ka lepo wai ka nui o ka aila hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, me nā aila holoholona a me nā mea kanu, nā ʻakika momona, nā ʻawaʻawa momona, nā aila mineral, a me kā lākou oxides. Ma waena o lākou, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā aila holoholona a me nā mea kanu a me nā momona momona me ka alkali, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i saponified nā ʻaila momona a me nā ʻaila mineral e ka alkali, akā hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā alcohols, ethers, a me ka hydrocarbon organic solvents, a emulsified a hoʻopuehu ʻia e nā wai wai wai. ʻO ka lepo wai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila ma ke ʻano he ikaika ka launa pū me nā mea fibrous a hoʻopili paʻa i nā fiber.
③ Loaʻa ka lepo kūikawā i ka protein, starch, koko, nā huna huna kanaka e like me ka hou, sebum, mimi, a me ka wai huaʻai, ka wai kī, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. No laila, paʻakikī loa ka holoi ʻana.
ʻAʻole loaʻa wale nā ʻano lepo like ʻole, hui pinepine ʻia a hoʻopili pū ʻia ma nā mea. Hiki i ka lepo ke oxidize, decompose, a palaho paha i kekahi manawa ma lalo o nā mana o waho, e hopena i ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi lepo hou.
(2) Ka hopena pili o ka lepo
ʻO ke kumu e haumia ai nā lole, nā lima, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe no ka mea aia kekahi ʻano pilina ma waena o nā mea a me ka lepo. Loaʻa nā hopena adhesion like ʻole o ka lepo ma nā mea, akā ʻo ka nui o ka adhesion kino a me ka adhesion kemika.
① ʻO ka pili kino o ka lehu paka, ka lepo, ka lepo, ka ʻeleʻele kalapona, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka lole. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, nāwaliwali ka pilina ma waena o ka lepo i hoʻopili ʻia a me ka mea haumia, a maʻalahi hoʻi ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo. E like me nā mana like ʻole, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka pili kino o ka lepo i ka mechanical adhesion a me ka electrostatic adhesion.
A: ʻO ka hoʻopili mīkini e pili ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka lepo paʻa e like me ka lepo a me ka sediment. ʻO ka hoʻopili mīkini kahi ala hoʻopili nāwaliwali no ka lepo, kahi hiki ke wehe ʻia e nā ʻano mechanical maʻalahi. Eia naʻe, inā liʻiliʻi ka nui o ka lepo o ka lepo (<0.1um), ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka wehe ʻana.
B: Hōʻike nui ʻia ka adhesion electrostatic e ka hana o nā ʻāpana lepo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā mea me nā kumu kūʻē. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea fibrous e lawe i ka hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole i ka wai a paʻa maʻalahi i ka lepo i hoʻopaʻa maikaʻi ʻia e like me ka lime. ʻO kekahi lepo, ʻoiai ua hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia, e like me nā ʻāpana kalapona ʻeleʻele i loko o nā haʻina wai, hiki ke hoʻopili i nā fiber ma o nā alahaka ion i hana ʻia e nā ion maikaʻi (e like me Ca2+, Mg2+, etc.) i loko o ka wai (e hana pū nā ion ma waena o nā kumu kūʻē he nui, e hana like me nā alahaka).
ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ka uila static ma mua o ka hana mechanical maʻalahi, e paʻakikī ke wehe i ka lepo.
③ Wehe i ka lepo kūikawā
ʻO ka protein, ka starch, nā huna kanaka, ka wai huaʻai, ka wai kī a me nā ʻano lepo ʻē aʻe he paʻakikī ke wehe ʻia me nā surfactants maʻamau a koi i nā ʻano hana lapaʻau kūikawā.
ʻO nā ʻōpala protein e like me ka ʻaila, nā hua, ke koko, ka waiū, a me ka ʻili o ka ʻili e maʻalahi i ka coagulation a me ka denaturation ma nā fiber, a pili paʻa. No ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka protein, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka protease e wehe iā ia. Hiki i ka protease ke wāwahi i nā protein i loko o ka lepo i loko o ka wai-soluble amino acids a i ʻole oligopeptides.
Loaʻa nā ʻōpala Starch mai ka meaʻai, aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me ka wai ʻiʻo, paʻi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Hiki i ka Lipase ke hoʻopau i ka decomposition o kekahi mau triglycerides i paʻakikī ke wehe ʻia e nā ʻano maʻamau, e like me ka sebum huna ʻia e ke kino o ke kanaka, nā aila ʻai, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e wāwahi i nā triglycerides i ka glycerol soluble a me nā momona momona.
ʻO kekahi mau ʻeleʻele kala mai ka wai huaʻai, wai kī, inika, lipstick, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he paʻakikī ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe pono ma hope o ka holoi pinepine ʻana. Hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia kēia ʻano palaka e ka hoʻoemi ʻana i ka hoʻoemi ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe a i ʻole nā mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa e like me ka bleach, ka mea e wāwahi ai i ke ʻano o ka chromophore a i ʻole nā pūʻulu chromophore a hoʻohaʻahaʻa iā lākou i loko o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.
Mai ka manaʻo o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, aia ma kahi o ʻekolu ʻano lepo.
① ʻO ka lepo hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka aila me nā ʻaila like ʻole a me nā momona, he wai a momona paha a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo.
② Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka lepo i loko o ka wai, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo. Hoʻopili ʻia ma luna o nā lole ma ke ʻano he wai wai, a ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana o ka wai, ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā mea paʻa granular e like me nā paʻakai inorganic, starch, proteins, etc.
③ ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka lepo wai ʻaila i loko o ka wai a me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, e like me ke kalapona ʻeleʻele, nā silicate metala like ʻole, a me nā oxides.
Ma muli o nāʻano likeʻole o nāʻano lepo likeʻole, aia nāʻano likeʻole o ka weheʻana i ka lepo i ka wā o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo. ʻO ka lepo hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka aila, e like me ka aila holoholona a me nā mea kanu, nā ʻaila mineral, a me nā momona, hiki ke maʻalahi i nā solvents organik a hiki ke wehe maʻalahi i ka wā hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo. ʻO ka solubility maikaʻi loa o nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo no ka ʻaila a me ka momona ma muli o nā ikaika van der Waals ma waena o nā mole.
No ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo e hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai e like me nā paʻakai inorganic, sugars, proteins, sweat, etc., pono nō hoʻi e hoʻohui i ka nui o ka wai kūpono i ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, inā ʻaʻole paʻakikī ke wehe ʻia ka lepo wai mai nā lole. Akā paʻakikī ka wai e hoʻoheheʻe i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, no laila e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka wai, pono e hoʻohui ʻia nā surfactants. ʻO ka wai i loko o nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka lepo a me ka ʻili o ka lole, e maʻalahi ke launa pū me nā pūʻulu polar o nā surfactants, kahi mea e pono ai no ka adsorption o nā surfactants ma ka ʻili. Eia kekahi, i ka hana ʻana o nā surfactants i nā micelles, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka lepo a me ka wai i loko o nā micelles. ʻAʻole hiki i nā surfactants ke hoʻonui wale i ka wai i loko o nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, akā pale pū kekahi i ka waiho hou ʻana o ka lepo e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hopena hoʻomaʻemaʻe.
Pono ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi wai liʻiliʻi no ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo e hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, akā hiki i ka wai nui ke hoʻoneʻe i kekahi mau lole, wrinkle, a pēlā aku, no laila pono ke ʻano o ka wai i loko o ka mea holoi maloʻo.
ʻO nā ʻāpana paʻa e like me ka lehu, ka lepo, ka lepo, a me ke kalapona ʻeleʻele, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila, e pili mau i nā lole ma o ka electrostatic adsorption a i ʻole ka hui pū ʻana me nā ʻaila hinu. I ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo, hiki i ka kahe a me ka hopena o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ke hāʻule i ka lepo i hoʻopili ʻia e nā mana electrostatic, ʻoiai nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo e hiki ke hoʻopau i nā ʻaila ʻaila, e hana ana i nā mea paʻa e hui pū me nā ʻaila hinu a pili i nā lole e hāʻule mai ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o ka wai a me nā surfactants i loko o ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maloʻo hiki ke hoʻopaʻa paʻa a hoʻopuehu i nā ʻāpana lepo paʻa e hāʻule ana, e pale ana iā lākou mai ka waiho hou ʻana i nā lole.
(5) Nā mea e pili ana i ka hopena holoi
ʻO ka adsorption kuhikuhi o nā surfactants ma ke kikowaena a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka ʻili o ka ʻili (interfacial) nā kumu nui no ka wehe ʻana i ka wai a i ʻole ka fouling paʻa. Akā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka holoi ʻana, a ʻo ka hopena holoi ʻana o ke ʻano o ka detergent e hoʻopili ʻia e nā kumu ʻē aʻe. ʻO kēia mau mea e pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka detergent, ka mahana, ke ʻano o ka lepo, ke ʻano o ka fiber, a me ke ʻano o ka lole.
① Ka nui o nā surfactants
ʻO nā micelles o nā surfactants i loko o ka hoʻonā he mea nui i ka hana holoi. Ke piʻi ka ʻike i ka ʻike micelle koʻikoʻi (cmc), piʻi nui ka hopena holoi. No laila, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻike ʻana o ka detergent i ka solvent ma mua o ka waiwai CMC i mea e loaʻa ai ka hopena holoi maikaʻi. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā i ʻoi aku ai ka nui o nā surfactant ma mua o ka waiwai CMC, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hopena holoi holoi, a ʻaʻole pono ka hoʻonui nui ʻana i ka ʻike surfactant.
Ke hoʻohana nei i ka solubilization no ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻaila aila, ʻoiai inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manaʻo ma luna o ka waiwai CMC, piʻi mau ka hopena solubilization me ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻike surfactant. I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea holoi ma ka ʻāina, e like me nā cuffs a me nā kola o nā lole kahi i nui ai ka lepo. I ka wā e holoi ai, hiki ke hoʻohana mua ʻia kahi papa holoi holoi e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hopena solubilization o nā surfactants ma nā ʻili aila.
② He hopena koʻikoʻi ka mahana i ka hopena hoʻomaʻemaʻe. Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mahana no ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo, akā i kekahi manawa hiki i ka wela ke hoʻonui i nā kumu ʻino.
ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mahana he mea maikaʻi ia no ka laha ʻana o ka lepo. Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā ʻaila ʻaila paʻa i ka wā i ʻoi aku ka mahana ma luna o ko lākou helu heheʻe, a hoʻonui pū nā fibers i ko lākou degere o ka hoʻonui ʻana ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana. Pono kēia mau mea āpau no ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo. Eia nō naʻe, no nā lole paʻa, hoʻemi ʻia nā ʻāpana micro ma waena o nā fibers ma hope o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka fiber, ʻaʻole kūpono i ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo.
Hoʻololi ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka mahana i ka solubility, ka waiwai CMC, a me ka nui o nā micelle o nā surfactants, a laila e pili ana i ka hopena holoi. Loaʻa i nā surfactants kaulahao kalapona lōʻihi ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a i kekahi manawa ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka waiwai CMC. I kēia hihia, pono e hoʻonui pono i ka mahana holoi. ʻOkoʻa ka hopena o ka mahana ma ka waiwai CMC a me ka nui micelle no nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ionic a me ka non-ionic. No nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ionic, hiki i ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana ke hoʻonui i ka waiwai CMC a me ka emi ʻana o ka nui micelle. 'O ia ho'i, pono e ho'onui 'ia ka mana'o o nā surfactants i ka wai holoi. No nā surfactants non-ionic, hoʻonui ka mahana i ka emi ʻana o kā lākou CMC waiwai a me ka piʻi nui ʻana o kā lākou micelle nui. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mahana ke kōkua i nā surfactants non-ionic e hoʻoikaika i kā lākou hana ma luna. Akā, ʻaʻole pono ka mahana ma mua o kona wahi ao.
I ka pōkole, pili ka mahana holoi kūpono i ke ʻano o ka mea holoi a me ka mea e holoi ʻia. Loaʻa i kekahi mau mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi nā hopena hoʻomaʻemaʻe ma ka lumi wela, aʻo kekahi mau mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe he hopena hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻokoʻa loa no ka holoi anu a me ka wela.
③ Huhū
Hoʻopili pinepine ka poʻe i ka hiki ke hoʻohuhū me ka hopena holoi, me ka manaʻo he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka holoi ʻana i nā mea holoi me ka hiki ke hoʻohua ikaika. Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa ʻaʻole pili pono ka hopena holoi i ka nui o ka pua. No ka laʻana, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka holoi ʻana ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea holoi huʻa haʻahaʻa no ka holoi ʻana.
ʻOiai ʻaʻole pili pono ka huʻihuʻi me ka holoi ʻana, kōkua mau ka huʻa e wehe i ka lepo i kekahi mau kūlana. No ka laʻana, hiki i ka huʻa o ka wai holoi ke lawe aku i nā kulu ʻaila i ka wā e holoi ai i nā kīʻaha me ka lima. I ka wā e holoi ai i ke kapena, hiki i ka huʻa ke lawe aku i nā ʻāpana lepo paʻa e like me ka lepo. ʻO ka lepo ka nui o ka lepo kāpeti, no laila pono e loaʻa i ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe kelepa kekahi mana huā.
He mea nui nō hoʻi ka mana ʻōhū no ka shampoo. ʻO ka ʻūhā maikaʻi i hana ʻia e ka wai i ka wā e holoi ai i ka lauoho a ʻauʻau paha e hōʻoluʻolu ai ka poʻe.
④ Nā ʻano o nā fiber a me nā waiwai kino o nā textiles
Ma waho aʻe o ke ʻano kemika o nā fibers e pili ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo, ʻo ke ʻano o nā fibers a me ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā yarns a me nā lole kekahi hopena i ka paʻakikī o ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo.
ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka ʻohi ʻana i ka lepo ma mua o ka ʻili paheʻe e like me ke ʻano o ka pulupulu. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻeleʻele kalapona i pili i ke kiʻi cellulose (adhesive film) he maʻalahi ke wehe, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻeleʻele kalapona i pili i ka lole pulupulu paʻakikī ke holoi. No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā lole ʻaila poli polyester i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā ʻaila ʻaila ma mua o nā lole fiber lōʻihi, a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻaila ʻaila ma nā lole fiber pōkole.
ʻO nā wili wili paʻa a me nā lole paʻa, no ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma waena o nā fibers, hiki ke pale i ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka lepo, akā pale pū i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana mai ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo o loko. No laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana o nā lole paʻa i ka lepo i ka hoʻomaka, akā paʻakikī hoʻi e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka wā i haumia ai.
⑤ ʻO ka paʻakikī o ka wai
He hopena koʻikoʻi ka ʻike ʻana o nā ion metala e like me Ca2+ a me Mg2+ i ka wai i ka hopena holoi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wā e hālāwai ai nā mea hoʻoheheʻe anionic i nā ion Ca2+ a me Mg2+ e hana i nā paʻakai calcium a me ka magnesium me ka solubility maikaʻi ʻole, hiki ke hōʻemi i ko lākou hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe. ʻOiai ke kiʻekiʻe ka ʻike o nā surfactants i ka wai paʻakikī, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kā lākou hopena hoʻomaʻemaʻe ma mua o ka distillation. No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hopena holoi holoi maikaʻi loa o nā surfactants, pono e hoʻemi ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o nā Ca2+ions i ka wai ma lalo o 1 × 10-6mol/L (pono e hoʻemi ʻia ka CaCO3 i 0.1mg/L). Pono kēia e hoʻohui i nā mea palupalu like ʻole i ka mea holoi.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻAukake-16-2024