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Mai ko lākou komo ʻana i ka hana ʻenehana i nā makahiki 1940, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā surfactants a ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ʻo ia ka "MSG of industry." Loaʻa i nā molekala surfactant nā hiʻohiʻona amphiphilic, e hiki ai iā lākou ke hōʻiliʻili ma nā ʻili i loko o nā hāʻina wai, e hoʻololi nui i nā waiwai hoʻonā. Ma muli o ka ratio o ka hydrophilic i nā ʻāpana hydrophobic a me ke ʻano molekala, hōʻike nā surfactants i nā ʻano waiwai like ʻole. Loaʻa iā lākou nā hiʻohiʻona physicochemical, me ka hoʻopuehu, ka pulu a i ʻole anti-sticking, emulsification a i ʻole demulsification, foaming a defoaming, solubilization, holoi, mālama, a me nā hopena antistatic. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia mau waiwai kumu no ka waihoʻoluʻu a me ka hana ʻana. Hōʻike nā helu helu ʻoi aku ma mua o 3,000 mau ʻano surfactant i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana textile, he mea nui ia i loko o nā kaʻina hana, me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe fiber, ka milo, ka ulana, ke kala, ka paʻi ʻana, a me ka hoʻopau ʻana. ʻO kā lākou kuleana, ʻo ia ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā textiles, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana ulana ʻana o nā wili, a hoʻopōkole i nā manawa hana; no laila, hāʻawi nui nā surfactants i ka ʻoihana textile.

 

1. Nā noi o nā Surfactants ma ka ʻoihana Textile

 

1.1 Kaʻina holoi

I ke kaʻina hana holoi lole, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻaʻole i ka hopena holoi wale nō akā i ka palupalu o ka lole a me nā pilikia e hiki mai ana. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā surfactants hou e hāʻawi ana i ka maikaʻi hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi me ka mālama ʻana i ka palupalu a me ke kūpaʻa kala o ka lole i lilo i kumu nui o ka noiʻi surfactant i kēia lā. Me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike o ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni a me ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke kaiapuni honua e kū nei i ka textile exports, ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka maikaʻi, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a me ka maʻalahi biodegradable detergents ua lilo i mea koʻikoʻi i ka ʻoihana textile.

1.2 Ka Hana Wai

Hoʻohana nā Surfactants i nā hana like ʻole, e hana ana ma ke ʻano he dispersants no ka hoʻoili ʻana i ke kala a ma ke ʻano he pae hoʻohālikelike i ke kala ʻana. I kēia manawa, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā surfactants anionic e like me nā dispersants, me nā condensates naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde a me lignin sulfonates. Hoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā surfactants nonionic e like me ka nonylphenol ethoxylates me nā ʻano surfactants ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa i nā surfactants cationic a me zwitterionic kekahi mau palena i ka noi. ʻOiai ʻo nā ʻenehana hoʻoluu hou, e like me ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana i ka microwave, ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana i ka pua, ka paʻi kikohoʻe, a me ka wai hoʻoluʻu supercritical, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā koi no nā mea hoʻokalakupua a me nā mea hoʻopuehu.

1.3 Na Mea Hooluolu

Ma mua o ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana a me ka hoʻopau ʻana, hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua ʻia ka lole lole e like me ka ʻōpala a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, hiki ke hopena i ka lima ʻinoʻino. No ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi lima paʻa, ʻoluʻolu, a palupalu, pono nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa-ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau mea he surfactants. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻoluʻu Anionic no ka manawa lōʻihi akā ke alo nei i nā pilikia i ka adsorption ma muli o ka hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole i nā fibers i ka wai, e hopena i nā hopena palupalu nāwaliwali. Ua kūpono kekahi mau ʻano no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā aila textile e like me nā ʻāpana palupalu, me ka sulfosuccinate a me ka ʻaila castor sulfated.

ʻO nā mea hoʻonāwaliwali nonionic e hana i ka lima like me nā anionic me ka ʻole o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka wai; hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia me nā mea hoʻoluʻu anionic a i ʻole cationic akā loaʻa i ka adsorption fiber maikaʻi ʻole a me ka lōʻihi haʻahaʻa. Hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā fiber cellulosic a me nā mea hoʻoluʻu a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā mea ʻaila synthetic fiber. He mea koʻikoʻi nā papa e like me ka pentaerythritol fatty acid esters a me ka sorbitan fatty acid esters, e hōʻemi nui ana i ka coefficient o ka friction no ka cellulosic a me ka synthetic fibers.

Hōʻike ka cationic surfactants i ka hoʻopaʻa ikaika ʻana me nā fibers like ʻole, pale i ka wela a kū i ka holoi ʻana, hāʻawi i kahi manaʻo lima momona a palupalu. Hāʻawi pū lākou i nā waiwai antistatic a me nā hopena antibacterial maikaʻi, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mea koʻikoʻi nui a hoʻohana nui ʻia. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā surfactants cationic he pūhui nitrogen-containing, maʻamau me nā paʻakai ammonium quarternary. Ma waena o lākou, kū i waho nā pūhui ammonium dihydroxyethyl quaternary no kā lākou hana palupalu ʻana, e loaʻa ana nā hopena maikaʻi me ka 0.1% a 0.2% wale nō ka hoʻohana ʻana, ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me nā hana antistatic, ʻoiai he nui lākou a he mau pilikia biodegradation. Loaʻa i ka hanauna hou o nā huahana ʻōmaʻomaʻo nā surfactants me nā pūʻulu ester, amide, a i ʻole hydroxyl i hiki ke biodegradable e nā microorganism i loko o nā waikawa momona, a laila e hōʻemi i ka hopena o ke kaiapuni.

1.4 Nā ʻĀpana Antistatic

No ka hoʻopau ʻana a i ʻole ka pale ʻana i ka uila static i hana ʻia i ka wā o nā kaʻina hana textile a i ke kaʻina hoʻopau lole, pono nā mea antistatic. ʻO kā lākou hana nui, ʻo ia ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka paʻa wai a me nā waiwai ionic i nā ʻili fiber, e hōʻemi ana i nā waiwai insulating a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka conductivity e hoʻopau i nā uku a hoʻopau a pale paha i ka uila static. Ma waena o nā surfactants, ʻokoʻa loa nā mea hana antistatic anionic. Hiki i nā ʻaila sulfated, nā ʻakika momona, a me nā ʻona momona momona kiʻekiʻe ke hāʻawi i nā waiwai antistatic, palupalu, lubrication, a me ka emulsifying. ʻO nā alkyl sulfates, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā paʻakai ammonium a me nā paʻakai ethanolamine, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi antistatic efficacy.

Eia kekahi, kū i waho nā alkylphenol ethoxylate sulfates ma waena o nā mea antistatic anionic no kā lākou hana kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻaʻole wale nā ​​​​mea hana antistatic maikaʻi wale nō nā cationic surfactants akā hāʻawi pū kekahi i nā waiwai lubricating maikaʻi loa a me ka fiber adhesion. ʻO kā lākou mau hemahema, ʻo ia ka hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kala, ka māmā māmā, ka like ʻole me ka anionic surfactants, ka ʻino metala, ka ʻawaʻawa kiʻekiʻe, a me ka ʻeha ʻana o ka ʻili, e kaupalena ana i kā lākou hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka hoʻopau lole ma mua o nā mea ʻaila. ʻO nā surfactants Cationic i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he antistatic agents ka nui o nā pūhui ammonium quaternary a me nā amides waikawa momona. ʻO nā surfactants Zwitterionic, e like me nā betaines, hāʻawi i nā hopena antistatic maikaʻi a me ka lubrication, emulsifying, a me nā waiwai hoʻopuehu.

Hōʻike nā surfactants nonionic i ka paʻa ʻana o ka makū a kūpono i nā kūlana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā fiber. ʻAʻole pili lākou i ka hana dye a hiki ke hoʻoponopono i ka viscosity ma kahi ākea, e hōʻike ana i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻili o ka ʻili, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i kā lākou hoʻohana ākea ma ke ʻano he mea nui i loko o nā aila synthetic-ʻo ka nui o ka fatty alcohol ethoxylates a me fatty acid polyethylene glycol esters.

1.5 Nā mea komo a me nā mea pulu

ʻO nā penetrant a me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe he mau mea hoʻohui e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻomaloʻo wikiwiki ʻana o ka fiber a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻili lole me ka wai a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ke komo ʻana o nā wai i loko o ka hale fiber. ʻO nā surfactants e ʻae ana i ka wai e komo a hoʻokē ʻai i ke komo ʻana o ka wai i loko o nā paʻa porous i kapa ʻia he penetrant. Hoʻopili ʻia ke komo ʻana i ka pulu kūpono i ka wā mua. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana e pili ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka laha ʻana o ka wai ma luna o kahi ʻili paʻa ke hoʻopili ʻia. No laila, hoʻohana ʻia nā penetrant a me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻaʻole wale i nā kaʻina hana mua e like me ka desizing, ka paila, mercerizing, a me ka bleaching akā i ka paʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻopau ʻana.

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona i koi ʻia no nā mea komo a me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe: 1) kūʻē i ka wai paʻakikī a me ka alkali; 2) hiki ke komo ikaika e hoʻopōkole i ka manawa hana; 3) ka hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻana o ka capillary o nā lole i mālama ʻia. ʻAʻole kūpono nā cationic surfactants ma ke ʻano he mea pulu no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopili i nā fiber a keʻakeʻa i ka pulu. Loaʻa i nā surfactants Zwitterionic kekahi mau palena i ka noi. No laila, ʻo nā surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he penetrant a me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka nui o nā anionic a me nā surfactants nonionic. Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻohana ʻia nā surfactants i ka ʻoihana textile e like me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe, emulsifiers, foaming agents, smoothing agents, fixing agents, a me nā wai repellents.

ʻO ka Alkyl polyglucoside (APG) he bio-surfactant i hoʻohui ʻia mai nā waiʻona momona maoli a me ka glucose i loaʻa mai nā kumuwaiwai hou. He ʻano hou ia o ka surfactant nonionic me ka hana holoʻokoʻa, e hui pū ana i nā waiwai o nā surfactants nonionic maʻamau a me anionic. ʻIke ʻia ia ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa ma ke ʻano he surfactant hana "'ōmaʻomaʻo" i makemake ʻia, i hōʻike ʻia e ka hana ʻili kiʻekiʻe, palekana kaiaola maikaʻi, a me ka solubility.